I.C.S.21.005.Account.Transfer Positions

I.C.S.21.005.Account.Transfer Positions

美国股票的持仓在券商间的转移有一套非常成熟的系统,这套系统包括:

(1)DTC:The Depository Trust Company(存管信托公司,1973年成立);
(2)NSCC:National Securities Clearing Corporation(国家证券清算公司,1976年成立);
(3)DTCC:The Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation(美国存管信托与清算公司,1999年前两家公司合并组建的控股公司)。

DTC是总账本和交割场所;NSCC主要职责是清算,向 DTC 发出交割指令来完成证券的簿记交割,如果涉及大量交易,NSCC可以做成净额(netting),把“你该交多少证券、该收多少证券”压缩成净交割义务,然后通过既定机制在 DTC 的账簿上完成证券的交割。

1、FOP/Basic FOP

FOP(Free of Payment)是直接发给DTC的交割指令(转入/转出的机构都在DTC开设了账户),仅限于美国的股票、权证和债券,不能转移账户上的现金余额。

(1)FOP

FOP同时支持转入/转出,但在DTC的规则中,把证券“交割出去”的指令只能由“转出方(delivering broker/bank,或其托管链条)”发起,Interactive Brokers的指令说明中强调了“inbound FOP”只是一份通知,参考:《IBKR FOP Transfers》
Quote
The Transfer Positions screen lets you use a Free of Payment (FOP) transfer to move long US stock, warrant and US Bond positions from another US bank or broker that is a member of the DTC to your account, (inbound transfer) or from your account to another US bank or broker that is a member of the DTC (outbound transfer). Inbound FOP transfers are notifications only. You must instruct your third-party broker to transfer the assets to your account using the authorization form we provide at the end of the FOP transfer request procedure.
“转移持仓”屏幕允许您使用FOP(Free of Payment )转移,将其他美国银行或经纪商(DTC 成员)的长期美国股票、权证和美国债券持仓转入您的账户(持仓转入),或将您的账户中的此类持仓转出到另一家美国银行或经纪商(DTC 成员)(持仓转出)。FOP转入仅为通知。您必须使用我们在 FOP 转移请求流程末尾提供的授权表格,指示您的第三方经纪商将资产转移到您的账户。
但如果是转出,FOP转出的指令即最终的授权,理论上不需要再以手工的方式通知对方券商。

(2)Basic FOP

Basic FOP是Interactive Brokers定义的一种特殊的业务场景:和美国以外的金融机构转移持仓,通常是转入,Interactive Brokers给出的例子是在墨西哥市场(MEXI)交易的AAPL,参考:《IBKR Enter a Basic FOP Position Transfer》

在墨西哥市场交易的APPLE INC / MEXI肯定没有托管在DTC,很可能是通过多层嵌套的形式持有AAPL,但是不管多少层的嵌套,美股最底层的托管还是在DTC,但是这时候就需要转出方的券商完成中间层的资产转移。

对券商来说,资产转入/转出所面临的风险是不对称的,转入方的损失通常是“接了不该接的客户/资产”,可通过冻结、拒绝、退回等处置;但转出方一旦把资产放出去,追回成本很高。一般情况下,资产转入的流程相对简单:可以在线填写表格,而资产转出,比如,Charles Schwab/FUTU都是需要通过邮件来回沟通的。

在FOP的实际操作中,转入是更稳妥的做法,但可能会稍微麻烦些,转入的同时要去通知转出方的券商,这个地方有可能没有标准化的流程,以Interactive Brokers为例,FOP/Basic FOP的说明稍微有些区别,如下:
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FOP
Step 1: Log in to your IBKR account to provide receipt instructions and account information from the delivering firm.
步骤 1:登录你的 IBKR 账户,填写接收指令(receipt instructions),并提供转出机构(delivering firm)的账户信息。

Step 2: Ask your firm to deliver the requested securities to IBKR. Check with your firm for specific instructions or processing times.
步骤 2:要求你的券商/机构将所请求的证券交付到 IBKR。具体操作指引或处理时间请向你的券商/机构确认。

Basic FOP
Step 1 : Use your IBKR login to enter a receipt instruction and provide IBKR with your account information from the delivering institution.
步骤 1:使用你的 IBKR 登录信息录入接收指令,并向 IBKR 提供转出机构(delivering institution)的账户信息。

Step 2 : Instruct your current broker. On the IBKR transfer confirmation page, a Customer Account Transfer - Letter of Authorization will be provided. Print, sign and send the letter to your broker or follow whatever guidelines they require for the instruction.
步骤 2:指示你当前的券商/机构。在 IBKR 的转账确认页面上,会提供一份《客户账户转移——授权书》(Customer Account Transfer - Letter of Authorization)。请打印、签署并将该授权书发送给你的券商/机构,或按其对该指令所要求的流程办理。

Standard Settlement Instructions:
标准结算指令(Standard Settlement Instructions):

Your Financial Institution may ask you for SSI's (Standard Settlement Instructions).
你的金融机构可能会向你索取 SSI(Standard Settlement Instructions,标准结算指令)。

Click below link to receive those for the APAC and US Market. All other SSI's/Markets are solely shared with your financial institution upon their contact.
点击下方链接获取亚太(APAC)及美国市场的 SSI。其他市场的 SSI/市场信息仅会在你的金融机构与我们联系后,直接提供给该金融机构。

What are the Interactive Brokers Settlement Instructions for Common Markets?
Interactive Brokers 常见市场的结算指令是什么?
假设转出方的券商是Charles Schwab,Charles Schwab的帮助页面中只有转入的简短说明,参考:《Charles Schwab-Transferring accounts is easier than you think. No, really.》,关于如何配合转出的说明更加简单,参考:《Charles Schwab-how to transfer assets between Schwab and another financial institution》

2、ACATS

ACATS(The Automated Customer Account Transfer Service)是美国国家证券清算公司(NSCC)为参与 NSCC ACAT 计划的券商之间转移持仓和账户而设的中央处理系统。

ACATS 是“账户/资产转移的标准化流程系统”:请求、确认、拒绝原因码、时限、进度状态等都在同一框架里跑,相比于FOP的优势包括:
(1)支持更多的资产类型,美国股票、权证、期权、美国共同基金、美国债券,等等,还包括股票账户上的现金余额;
(2)不需要手工推动对方券商按结算指令做交割,FOP强调 SSI/settlement instructions,本质更像“交割指令协同”:接收方不能替转出方发起交割,必须把转入的股票信息给转出方,让转出方在自己的系统里手工/半手工发起交割。

如果转入/转出都是美国的本土券商,并且所涉及的都是美股,ACATS是更好的方式,以Interactive Brokers为例,在券商所有地选择美国并且转入的情况下有ACATS的选项。
以下是两笔从Interactive Brokers同时发起的业务,对手方都是Charles Schwab,第1笔通过FOP的方式转出,第2笔通过ACATS的方式转入,ACATS是效率更高的方式。

3、DRS / DWAC

DRS / DWAC实际用到的机会不大,实际的功能都是将股票直接登记在自己名下而不是由券商托管。

(1)DRS

DRS(Direct Registration System,直接登记系统),作用是把名下“以券商代持(street name)方式、电子记账(book-entry)”持有的股票,转成由发行人指定的 Transfer Agent / Registrar 直接在你名下登记持有(仍然是电子形式,不一定发纸质股票)。

DRS = 把股票从“券商代持的电子记账”转成“发行人过户代理处、直接登记在你名下的电子持股”,并拿到一份 Direct Registration Statement 作为登记凭证。DRS不要求必须是美国的居民,但需要在券商和Transfer Agent 两端完成非美税务自证:W-8BEN。

转入DRS的好处是减少券商环节的可变因素,比如,券商的倒闭,或者券商对于某些持仓有不利的条款,等等,另一个动机是长期持有,希望直接登记在自己名下。

(2)DWAC

DWAC(Deposit/Withdrawal at Custodian)的作用再多一步,把名下把持仓转到 Transfer Agent,然后申请开具“纸质股票证书(physical certificates)”。

实际操作中““纸质股票证书”的需求非常罕见,成本很高(遗失/损毁风险很大,补办往往需要保证金/保险/宣誓等手续,成本高、时间长),最有可能的需求是收藏。

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