2012-02-27 Warren Buffett.Squawk Box

2012-02-27 Warren Buffett.Squawk Box


Warren Buffett appeared live on CNBC’s Squawk Box this morning, February 27, 2012, for his annual “Ask Warren” three-hour marathon.
2012年2月27日今天早上,Warren Buffett 现身 CNBC 的《Squawk Box》直播节目,参加他一年一度、持续三小时的“Ask Warren”马拉松问答。

This is part one of a transcript of his comments.
这是他发言实录的第一部分。

ANNOUNCER: This is a special presentation of SQUAWK BOX. For the next three hours, the “Oracle of Omaha.” Warren Buffett answering your questions on the pressing issues affecting the country and your wallet. Get the market-moving plays that could change your financial future. It all starts now.
播音员:这里是《SQUAWK BOX》特别节目。接下来的三个小时,“奥马哈先知”Warren Buffett 将回答你关于那些影响这个国家、也影响你钱包的紧迫问题。把握那些可能改变你财务未来、推动市场的关键机会。一切现在开始。

BECKY QUICK, co-host:  Good Monday morning, everyone. Welcome to SQUAWK BOX here on CNBC. I’m Becky Quick, reporting live from the printing press floor of the Omaha World-Herald. We have a very special guest with us today, Warren Buffett. He’s going to be talking to us for the next three hours. Also, Joe Kernen and Andrew Ross Sorkin are back at CNBC’s headquarters. We do have a pretty exciting and news-packed morning ahead of us. Warren Buffett will be answering your questions this morning. But first, we do have a roundup at the top of the headlines at the top of the hour.  And, Joe, Andrew, good morning to both of you.
联合主持人 BECKY QUICK:大家星期一早上好,欢迎收看 CNBC 的《SQUAWK BOX》。我是 Becky Quick,现在从《Omaha World-Herald》报社的印刷车间为大家现场直播。今天我们请到了一位非常特别的嘉宾,Warren Buffett。接下来的三个小时里,他将和我们一起交流。与此同时,Joe Kernen 和 Andrew Ross Sorkin 也在 CNBC 总部待命。今天早上内容会非常精彩,新闻也很多。今天早上 Warren Buffett 会回答大家的问题。不过首先,我们先来看一下整点的头条新闻汇总。Joe、Andrew,早上好。

ANDREW ROSS SORKIN, co-host:  Good morning.
联合主持人 ANDREW ROSS SORKIN:早上好。

JOE KERNEN, co-host:  Good morning. Good morning to Mr. Buffett as well. It’s great to see him, and thank you very much. When you said printing press, I thought you were at the Fed for a second. But you’re at a different printing press this morning, right?
联合主持人 JOE KERNEN:早上好。也向 Buffett 先生问好。很高兴见到他,非常感谢。你刚才说到印刷机的时候,我一瞬间还以为你是在美联储呢。不过你今天早上是在另一台印刷机那里,对吧?

BECKY: Yeah, a little different printing press this morning. This is the Omaha World-Herald.
BECKY:对,今天早上的印刷机有点不一样。这是《Omaha World-Herald》。

JOE: Because if it was the — if it was the— if it was the Fed we probably couldn’t hear you because it would be running right now I think.
JOE:因为如果那是——如果那是——如果那是美联储的话,我觉得我们现在可能都听不见你说话,因为它现在大概正开足马力在运转。

BECKY: Because they’d be running.
BECKY:因为他们现在肯定正在开工。

JOE: Be like...(imitating sound of printing press).
JOE:声音大概会像这样……(模仿印刷机的声音)

BECKY: You’re right, they would be running right now.
BECKY:你说得对,他们现在确实会在运转。

JOE: All right, let’s see these headlines.
JOE:好,来看这些头条新闻。

***

JOE: (Referring to the Academy Awards) But there was nothing for me, I’m sorry. There just was nothing for me and I didn’t see any of it. So I’m glad you watched. So you’re one person who’s in the know.
JOE:(指奥斯卡颁奖礼)但对我来说没什么可看的,抱歉。就是没什么吸引我的,我一点都没看。所以很高兴你看了。至少你算是少数知情的人之一。

ANDREW: I will bet some money, but I could be wrong on this...
ANDREW:我愿意赌点钱,不过这事我也可能猜错……

JOE: Go ahead.
JOE:你说吧。

ANDREW: ...that Mr. B., Warren Buffet, might have watched a bit of it just because I know he likes movies.
ANDREW:……我猜 B 先生,Warren Buffett,可能看了一点,因为我知道他喜欢电影。

BECKY: You’re wrong.
BECKY:你猜错了。

ANDREW: I’m wrong? Warren, you didn’t watch any?
ANDREW:我猜错了?Warren,你一点都没看吗?

BECKY: You’re wrong. No, I didn’t watch a minute and Warren...
BECKY:你猜错了。对,我一分钟都没看,而且 Warren……

WARREN BUFFETT (Berkshire Hathaway Chairman and CEO): No, when Ed Asner did not get nominated for his role in “Too Big to Fail,” I decided to boycott them.
WARREN BUFFETT(Berkshire Hathaway 董事长兼 CEO):没有,当 Ed Asner 凭借《Too Big to Fail》里的角色都没获得提名时,我就决定抵制他们了。

BECKY: Not a minute of it.
BECKY:一分钟都没看。

JOE: “Lou.”
JOE:“Lou”。

ANDREW: Perfect answer.
ANDREW:这回答太妙了。

JOE: “Lou.” All right. Well, Becky, enough about— I mean, is it fluff? Is it me? I don’t— I don’t— it’s my cranky, cynical old age I think.
JOE:“Lou”。好吧。Becky,关于这个就先说到这——我的意思是,这是不是太空泛了?还是我自己的问题?我不知道——我不知道——我想大概是因为我上了年纪,变得又暴躁又犬儒了。

BECKY: But, guys, let’s start off our conversation this morning with Warren Buffet. We do have some important topics to get to. And...(network audio difficulties)...of all, we want to thank you very much for taking the time to join us.
BECKY:不过,各位,我们今天早上的谈话还是先从 Warren Buffett 开始吧。我们确实有一些重要话题要谈。还有……(网络音频故障)……首先,我们非常感谢你抽时间参加节目。

BUFFETT: Thanks for coming.
BUFFETT:谢谢你们过来。

BECKY: We should point out that we’re here at the Omaha World-Herald because this is Berkshire’s most recent acquisition. Earlier— or last year, I should say— last year you went ahead and you stepped in. And I guess one of the key questions I have is why did you do that? Why don’t we start off talking about that right at the top.
BECKY:我们得说明一下,我们现在在《Omaha World-Herald》,因为这是 Berkshire 最近一次收购的资产。更早些——或者我该说,是去年——去年你出手收购了它。我想我最想问的一个关键问题是:你为什么要这么做?不如我们就从这个问题开始。

BUFFETT: Well, the World-Herald, is— I should mention one thing. William Jennings Bryan was the editor of the World-Herald, so if you go back to 1894 to ’96, and then, of course, he started running for president and he didn’t have too much luck doing that. He lost three times. The World-Herald— newspapers face three major problems and two of them they can’t do much about but the third they can. The first problem they have is that— you know, the only reason you buy a newspaper is to find out something you want to know that you don’t know. I mean, news is what you don’t know that you want to know. And if you go back many years, if you wanted to know the box score on your favorite baseball team, if you wanted to know the closing prices on stocks, if you wanted to find an apartment, the newspaper was primary for all those things. So it’s lost primariness in certain major areas of news, but it still retains primariness in a number of items that are extremely important to people. And it’s vital that they continue to be primary in those areas. As long as they’re primary in areas that are of interest to you that you can’t find someplace else, you’re going to buy a newspaper.
BUFFETT:嗯,关于《World-Herald》——我应该先提一件事。William Jennings Bryan 曾经担任过《World-Herald》的编辑,所以如果你把时间拉回到 1894 年到 1896 年,后来当然他开始竞选总统,不过这件事他运气不太好。他连着输了三次。《World-Herald》——报纸这个行业面临三大问题,其中两个它们几乎无能为力,但第三个它们是可以应对的。第一个问题是——你知道,你买报纸的唯一原因,就是想知道一些你还不知道、但你想知道的事。也就是说,新闻就是那些你还不知道、但想知道的东西。如果回到很多年前,假如你想知道你最喜欢的棒球队的比分,假如你想知道股票收盘价,假如你想找一套公寓,报纸在所有这些事情上都是最主要的信息来源。所以它在某些重要新闻领域已经失去了这种首要性,但在另外一些对人们极其重要的事项上,它依然保持着首要性。关键是,它必须继续在这些领域保持首要地位。只要它在那些你感兴趣、而且你无法从别处获得的信息领域里仍然是最主要的来源,你就会去买报纸。

BECKY: What do you mean? Is that classified, obituaries? What are the...
BECKY:你指的是什么?是分类广告、讣告这些吗?还是说哪些内容……

BUFFETT: Well, it can be— it can— yeah, obituaries are a good thing. I mean, you’re not going to find out whether your friends are alive or dead anyplace else. But just take high school basketball. Take Nebraska football.
BUFFETT:嗯,可以是——可以——对,讣告就是个很好的例子。我的意思是,你不太可能从别的地方知道你的朋友到底还在世还是已经去世了。不过就拿高中篮球来说吧。再拿 Nebraska 橄榄球来说。

BECKY: Right.
BECKY:对。

BUFFETT: You will learn so much more about Nebraska football if you read the World-Herald than you can get from any other source. Well, that’s important not only to me but everybody in Nebraska.
BUFFETT:如果你读《World-Herald》,你对 Nebraska 橄榄球的了解会比从任何其他来源获得的都多得多。这个不只是对我重要,对 Nebraska 的每个人都重要。

BECKY: Right.
BECKY:对。

BUFFETT: So the World-Herald will always be primary in that. They— you will know 10 times as much about Nebraska football if you read the Omaha World-Herald than if you try to get your news from any other source on that. The same thing is true in terms of local politics, and people— when there’s a sense of community, people care about that. Now, if you’re in an area where there isn’t that sense of community, it’s different.
BUFFETT:所以《World-Herald》在这方面始终都会是首要来源。它——如果你读《Omaha World-Herald》,你对 Nebraska 橄榄球的了解会比从其他任何渠道获取相关新闻多出十倍。地方政治也是一样。人们——当一个地方有社区认同感时,人们就会在意这些事。当然,如果你所在的区域并没有这种社区认同感,那情况就不一样了。

Second problem they have— but they still are primary in plenty of areas, not as many as 30 or 40 years ago. It’s expensive to turn out a paper. I mean, you know, you start with trees up in Canada and you end up with a kid, you know, throwing it on the door. So very expensive. That doesn’t go away, and electronic is not expensive.
它们面临的第二个问题是——不过它们在很多领域里仍然是首要来源,只是没有三四十年前那么多了。办出一张报纸的成本很高。我的意思是,你知道,起点是加拿大的树木,终点是一个送报的孩子把报纸扔到你家门口。所以成本非常高。这一点不会消失,而电子传播的成本并不高。

But the third thing is that newspapers have been giving away their product at the same time they’re selling it. And that is not a great business model. So when they put papers up on the Internet and you get it free, you’re competing with yourself. And that— you’re seeing throughout the industry— you’re seeing a reaction to that problem and an answer to it, and that’s important for the...
但第三个问题是,报纸一边在卖自己的产品,一边又在免费送出自己的产品。这不是一个好的商业模式。所以当他们把报纸内容放到互联网上,而你又可以免费获取时,他们其实是在和自己竞争。而这一点——你现在在整个行业都能看到——你能看到大家对这个问题的反应,也能看到应对它的办法,而这对……是非常重要的。

BECKY: And the answer is charging people online?
BECKY:而解决办法就是向线上用户收费?

BUFFETT: Yeah.
BUFFETT:对。

BECKY: Yeah.
BECKY:对。

BUFFETT: Yeah, in other words, you shouldn’t— you shouldn’t be giving away a product that you’re trying to sell.
BUFFETT:对,换句话说,你不应该——你不应该把一个你正试图出售的产品免费送出去。

BECKY: So Rupert Murdoch got there a long time ago and had said that this is something we need to be doing. You agree with him on that aspect of it, that this is something that you charge?
BECKY:所以 Rupert Murdoch 很早就想到这一点了,并且说过这是我们必须做的事。在这一点上你同意他的看法,也就是这类内容应该收费?

BUFFETT: Yeah. Actually, Dow Jones was doing it before Rupert, too.
BUFFETT:对。其实,Dow Jones 在 Rupert 之前也已经这么做了。

BECKY: Right. Right.
BECKY:对,对。

BUFFETT: I mean— and— whereas The New York Times, you know, held off for a long time, although they’ve instituted it recently. And it’s being instituted in other places in other ways. So that’s key to the future of the newspaper. But newspapers tell you a lot of things that you can’t find out other places. And most citizens are going to find them useful, it’s just you can’t give them away for nothing.
BUFFETT:我的意思是——而——相比之下,《The New York Times》拖了很长时间,虽然他们最近也已经实施了。而且其他地方也在用不同方式推行这件事。所以,这对报纸的未来是关键。但报纸确实会告诉你很多你无法从别处获知的事情。大多数公众仍然会觉得它有用,只不过你不能再把它白送出去。

BECKY: All right, let’s— we can talk more about this later.
BECKY:好吧,这个话题我们之后还可以再展开谈。

But I also want to start off while we’re here— at this point the market, the Dow and the S&P, are sitting at just about the highest levels we’ve seen in four years. We have seen an incredible run over the last several months, and you are somebody who had stepped in four years ago— or I’m sorry, back in 2008 when you wrote that op-ed piece for The New York Times. The headline was `Buy American Stocks. I Am.′ We’ve come a long way in the market since then. The Dow at that point was below 9,000. And I want to know what you think about stocks at these prices. Do you still think that this is a great time to be buying stocks?
不过既然我们现在谈到这里——我也想先从另一个话题开始。眼下市场上,Dow 和 S&P 都处在过去四年来几乎最高的位置。过去几个月我们看到市场出现了一波惊人的上涨,而你正是那种在四年前——哦,不对,应该说是在 2008 年——就已经出手的人。当时你给《The New York Times》写了一篇评论文章,标题是《Buy American Stocks. I Am.》。从那以后,市场已经走了很长一段路。当时 Dow 还不到 9,000 点。我想知道,你怎么看待当前这个价位的股票?你现在是否仍然认为,这是一个非常适合买入股票的时点?

BUFFETT: Well, stocks are businesses and the question is you have to invest in something. If you get your money in your wallet, it’s invested. It’s just invested at zero. And, unfortunately, if you got your money in a bank these days, it’s invested at zero. Or if you have it in Treasury bills, it’s invested at zero. I’ve got a section in the report where I say that if held over a long period of time, there’s no question in my mind that equities generally, a diversified group of leading companies, is going to outperform, in my view, dramatically, paper money or nonproductive assets such as gold. That’s no forecast for the next three months or six months or a year, but it— I think it’s obvious that owning really first-rate productive businesses— and there’s hundreds of them— you just— you know, you get a compound over time. They either pay the money out to you, they reinvest it, they buy in shares so that your ownership interest goes up. So equities are still cheap relative to any other asset class.
BUFFETT:嗯,股票本质上就是企业,问题在于你总得把钱投到某个地方去。如果你把钱放在钱包里,那也算是一种投资,只不过收益率是零。很不幸的是,如果你现在把钱放在银行里,那基本上也是零收益。或者如果你把钱放在 Treasury bills 里,也同样是零收益。我在报告里有一部分专门提到,如果持有的时间足够长,在我看来毫无疑问,股票——也就是一组分散化配置的优秀企业——总体上会显著跑赢纸币,或者像 gold 这种非生产性资产。这并不是对未来三个月、六个月或一年做预测,但——我认为很明显,持有真正一流的生产性企业——而这样的企业有几百家——随着时间推移,你就能获得复利。它们要么把钱分给你,要么把钱再投资,要么回购股票,从而让你的持股权益上升。所以,相对于其他任何资产类别,股票现在仍然便宜。

BECKY: But they’re not...
BECKY:但是它们并不是……

BUFFETT: I would say the single-family homes are cheap now, too.
BUFFETT:我会说,single-family homes 现在也很便宜。

BECKY: You would?
BECKY:你会这么说?

BUFFETT: Yeah, single-family homes— but if I had a way of buying a couple hundred thousand single-family homes and had a way of managing— the management is enormous— is really the problem because they’re one by one. They’re not like apartment houses. So— but I would load up on them and I would— I would take mortgages out at very, very low rates. But if anybody is thinking about buying a home— five years ago they couldn’t buy them fast enough because they thought they were going to go up, and now they don’t buy them because they think they’re going to go down. And interest are far lower. It’s a way, in effect, to short the dollar because you can— you can take a 30-year mortgage and if it turns out your interest rate’s too high, next week you refinance lower. And if it turns out it’s too low, the other guy’s stuck with it for 30 years. So it’s a very attractive asset class now.
BUFFETT:对,single-family homes——不过如果我有办法去买几十万套 single-family homes,并且有办法去管理它们——管理规模会非常庞大——这其实才是真正的问题,因为这些房子是一套一套分散存在的,不像 apartment houses 那样集中。所以——但如果可以的话,我会大量买入,我还会——我会用非常非常低的利率去做按揭贷款。不过如果有人正在考虑买房——五年前,人们买房的速度快得不得了,因为他们觉得房价会涨;而现在他们不买,是因为他们觉得房价会跌。而且利率要低得多。从某种意义上说,这其实是一种做空美元的方式,因为你可以——你可以拿一笔 30 年期按揭贷款,如果后来发现你的利率太高了,下周你就可以再融资,换成更低的利率;但如果结果证明你现在拿到的利率已经很低,那另一方就得被这个利率锁住 30 年。所以现在这是一类非常有吸引力的资产。

BECKY: If you are a young individual investor at home and you have your choice between buying your first home or investing in stocks, where would you tell someone is the better bet?
BECKY:如果你是一个在家的年轻个人投资者,现在面临的选择是买自己的第一套房,还是投资股票,你会告诉别人哪一个是更好的选择?

BUFFETT: Well, if I thought I was going to live— if I knew where I was going to want to live the next five or 10 years I would— I would buy a home and I’d finance it with a 30-year mortgage, and it’s a terrific deal. And if I— literally, if I was an investor that was a handy type, which I’m not, and I could buy a couple of them at distressed prices and find renters, I think that’s— and again take a 30-year mortgage, it’s a leveraged way of owning a very cheap asset now and I think that’s probably as an attractive an investment as you can make now. But I think equities are very attractive compared to anything else.
BUFFETT:嗯,如果我认为自己会住——如果我知道未来五年或十年我会想住在哪里,那我会——我会买一套房,然后用 30 年期按揭贷款来融资,这是一笔非常划算的交易。而如果我——说真的,如果我是那种很会动手的投资者,虽然我并不是,而且我能以 distressed prices 买下几套房,再把它们租出去,我觉得那也是——再配上 30 年期按揭贷款,这就是一种带杠杆持有当前非常便宜资产的方式,我认为这大概是你现在能做出的最有吸引力的投资之一。不过我也认为,相比其他任何东西,股票仍然非常有吸引力。

BECKY: But, obviously, they’ve come up quite a bit since you first were telling people you were buying them for your personal portfolio...
BECKY:但是,很显然,自从你最早告诉大家你正在为自己的个人投资组合买入股票以来,它们已经涨了不少……

BUFFETT: Yeah.
BUFFETT:对。

BECKY: ...with both hands essentially.
BECKY:……基本上等于是双手一起在买。

BUFFETT: Right. Yeah, well, I wrote that article— I said if you— if you wait till you see the first robin, spring’ll be over. And— well, spring is over, but we’re not in the dead of winter yet either. And stocks— we were— we were here three years ago and stocks have almost doubled exactly since we sat down three years ago. So they’re not as cheap as they were, but measured against the alternatives, would you rather have cash, would you rather have Treasury bonds, would you rather have, you know, you name it? I would rather own great businesses, and we own a lot of them through stocks and we own a lot of them outright, and I’d love to buy another one this afternoon.
BUFFETT:对。是的,我写那篇文章的时候——我说过,如果你非要等到看见第一只知更鸟才行动,那春天就已经过去了。现在——嗯,春天确实已经过去了,但我们也还没到严冬最深的时候。至于股票——我们三年前也坐在这里谈过,而从那次到现在,股票几乎正好翻了一倍。所以它们没有以前那么便宜了,但如果拿它们和其他选择相比,你是更愿意持有现金,还是更愿意持有 Treasury bonds,或者别的什么?你随便说一种。我还是更愿意持有优秀的企业。我们通过股票持有了很多这样的企业,也直接全资拥有很多这样的企业,而如果今天下午还能再买下一家,我会很乐意。

BECKY: When you look at stocks, do you look at American stocks first?
BECKY:当你看股票时,你会先看 American stocks 吗?

BUFFETT: Yeah, I— but I look at stocks all over the world. But, sure, the big market is here. I mean— and I know the companies better here. But we— well, at year-end for example, we have a insurance subsidiary— reinsurance subsidiary in Germany. I bought seven international stocks then. In fact, I may have bought— I put— I put 175 million euros in each, I guess, of eight stocks, and they were all European stocks.
BUFFETT:会,我——不过我也会看全世界的股票。当然,最大的市场还是在这里。我的意思是——而且这里的公司我也更熟悉。不过我们——比如在年底的时候,我们在德国有一家保险子公司——准确说是再保险子公司。我当时买了七只国际股票。实际上,我可能买了——我投了——我记得是每只投了 1.75 亿欧元,总共八只股票,而且它们全都是 European stocks。

BECKY: When was this, at the— at year-end?
BECKY:这是什么时候的事,在——在年底?

BUFFETT: Right toward the end of the year. Yeah, I just— I just picked eight of them. I didn’t— I do not know those eight companies as well as I know American Express or Wells Fargo, but I know them well enough.
BUFFETT:就在年底前后。对,我只是——我就是挑了其中八家。我并不是——我对这八家公司当然不像了解 American Express 或 Wells Fargo 那么熟,但我对它们的了解已经足够了。

BECKY: You did this because you looked at the situation with the euro crisis and you thought it was improving or at least they had started to make some progress on that?
BECKY:你这么做,是因为你看了欧元危机的局势后,觉得情况正在改善,或者至少他们已经开始取得一些进展了吗?

BUFFETT: I just thought these eight companies were terrific companies that were cheap.
BUFFETT:我只是觉得这八家公司都是非常出色、而且价格便宜的公司。

BECKY: But why did you focus on Europe? You’ve never really done that before.
BECKY:但你为什么会把注意力放在欧洲?你以前其实从来没这么做过。

BECKY: Well, I just— I just thought these eight companies were cheap. And they obviously were affected by the European crisis. And in the end those eight companies I bought are going to be there five, 10, 20, 50 years from now. And there may be something else that’s bothering the world 10 years or 20 years from now. There’s always going to be something that’s bothering the world. These companies will do fine regardless of what happens in Europe and there will probably be plenty that happens in Europe.
BECKY:嗯,我只是——我只是觉得这八家公司很便宜。显然,它们都受到了欧洲危机的影响。但归根结底,我买下的这八家公司,在五年、十年、二十年、五十年后都还会在那里。十年后或者二十年后,也许还会有别的事情在困扰这个世界。这个世界永远都会有一些令人烦恼的事存在。不管欧洲接下来发生什么,这些公司都会经营得不错,而欧洲大概率也确实还会发生不少事情。

BECKY: Did you buy that for Berkshire’s portfolio...
BECKY:你买这些,是为了 Berkshire 的投资组合……

BUFFETT: Sure.
BUFFETT:当然。

BECKY: ...not for your own personal...
BECKY:……而不是为了你自己的个人账户……

BUFFETT: Yeah, I don’t have 175 million euros times eight, no.
BUFFETT:对,我自己可没有八份 1.75 亿欧元那么多的钱,没有。

BECKY: Euros times eight. What are you doing in your personal portfolio? Are you continuing to buy stocks?
BECKY:八乘 1.75 亿欧元。那么你的个人投资组合现在在做什么?你还在继续买股票吗?

BUFFETT: Every now and then, yeah. Yeah. Then I— I don’t think about my own portfolio very much. I think a lot more about that portfolio of our German reinsurance subsidiary. That...
BUFFETT:偶尔会买一点,是的。对。然后我——我其实不太多去想我自己的投资组合。我更多考虑的是我们德国再保险子公司的那个投资组合。那个……

BECKY: Yeah.
BECKY:对。

BUFFETT: That’s what I spend my time thinking about.
BUFFETT:这才是我花时间去思考的事情。

BECKY: OK. When you take a look at the housing market, you had told us last year when we sat down here that you thought last year could be the turning point, and you pointed out in your annual report this year that you were dead wrong on that call.
BECKY:好。当你看住房市场时,去年我们坐在这里聊的时候,你曾告诉我们,你认为去年可能会成为一个转折点。而你在今年的年报里也指出,你当时这个判断完全错了。

BUFFETT: Exactly.
BUFFETT:一点没错。

BECKY: We didn’t see the improvement last year, but you do think that we’ll see it this year?
BECKY:我们去年并没有看到改善,但你现在确实认为我们今年会看到改善吗?

BUFFETT: Well, I think we’re likely to, but— and I’m somewhat chastened by the fact that I sat a year ago and said it would happen by now. But what I do know is that today there are more households being created than houses. Well, if that continues— and it will continue— eventually it gets in balance. And when it gets in balance— gets in balance in different geographies at different times. But when it gets in balance, we will need more than a million residential housing units annually. And when we’re building a billion units, supply and demand will come into balance. Got way out of balance five years ago and it’s taken us a long time to work it off. But it does get worked off, and households are now being formed. The first year after the recession in 2000— after it hit— in 2009, household formation went like this. I mean, that happens in recessions. But that’s changed. I mean, you know, we have four million people, roughly, hitting each age cohort every year, and we form households and they want to be in houses.
BUFFETT:嗯,我认为很可能会看到,但——不过一年前我坐在这里说,到现在应该已经发生了,这件事多少让我收敛了一些。但我确实知道的是,今天新增的家庭数量已经超过了新增住房数量。只要这种情况持续下去——而它会持续下去——最终就会重新达到平衡。而当它达到平衡时——当然,不同地区会在不同时间达到平衡——但一旦达到平衡,我们每年就会需要超过一百万套住宅住房单元。等到我们的建造量达到那个水平时,供需就会重新平衡。五年前这个市场严重失衡,而我们花了很长时间才慢慢消化掉。但它终究会被消化掉,现在家庭也已经重新开始形成。2000 年那次衰退之后的第一年——或者准确说,在 2009 年衰退冲击真正到来之后——家庭形成数量是直线下滑的。我的意思是,这种事在衰退中会发生。但现在情况已经变了。你知道,大致来说,每年都会有四百万人进入各个年龄层,而他们会组成家庭,他们也希望住进房子里。

BECKY: There was an article that was out today talking about what economists are expecting for GDP, and most of them, even though they do see signs of improvement, expect that we’ll be growing at about 2.4 percent this year.
BECKY:今天有一篇文章在谈经济学家们对 GDP 的预期,大多数人虽然的确看到了一些改善迹象,但他们仍然预计我们今年的增长大概会在 2.4% 左右。

BUFFETT: Yeah.
BUFFETT:对。

BECKY: Does that fit with what you see with the businesses you manage?
BECKY:这和你在自己管理的那些企业中所看到的情况一致吗?

BUFFETT: I see our businesses getting better month by month and I’ve seen that ever since the summer of 2009. And the headlines have bounced around, the economists’ predictions have bounced around, and I will tell you that looking at some 70-some businesses, leaving out the housing-related businesses...
BUFFETT:我看到我们的企业是在一月比一月更好,而且这种情况从 2009 年夏天开始我就一直看到了。新闻标题在来回摇摆,经济学家的预测也在来回摇摆,而我要告诉你的是,在看了我们七十多家企业之后,如果把那些和住房相关的企业先排除掉的话……

BECKY: Mm-hmm.
BECKY:嗯。

BUFFETT: ...that quarter by quarter, ever since the middle of 2009, regardless of what the housing— headlines were saying, our businesses kept getting better. And they continue to. Not at some rate like that...(gesturing upward)...
BUFFETT:……从 2009 年年中开始,一季接一季,不管那些关于住房的新闻标题在说什么,我们的企业都在持续变好。而且现在也还在继续变好。不是以那种——(手势向上)——夸张的速度在变好……

BECKY: Mm-hmm.
BECKY:嗯。

BUFFETT: ...but they keep getting better. And I see no reason why that changes. I don’t pay any attention to the GDP forecasts of economists.
BUFFETT:……但它们就是在持续变好。我看不出这种情况有什么会改变的理由。我根本不在意经济学家对 GDP 的预测。

BECKY: But corporate profits have risen, yet we haven’t seen the jobs picture come along and improve at the same sort of pace.
BECKY:但企业利润已经上升了,可我们并没有看到就业情况以同样的速度跟着改善。

BUFFETT: Yeah. Well, that’s— in my view, that’s because of the housing-related factor. This was a— this was not a recession for housing, this was a depression. This was every bit the equal of anything we’ve ever seen in terms of a crash for housing. And the ripples from that spread out and they spread out very quickly in September of 2008. But it’s taking a long time for that to— for that to come back. But the housing-related figures— if you look at the composition of employment, construction workers show up as a number, but that’s not really the number. We have five companies that are related to housing. Only one is directly in housing, Clayton Housing. We’re the largest home builder in the United States, believe it or not, Berkshire Hathaway.
BUFFETT:对。嗯,在我看来,那是因为住房相关因素造成的。这——这对住房来说不是一次普通衰退,而是一场萧条。就住房崩盘而言,这次下跌完全可以和我们历史上见过的任何一次相提并论。而由此带来的连锁波动迅速扩散开来,并且在 2008 年 9 月扩散得非常快。但它要恢复过来却需要很长时间。不过,和住房相关的数据——如果你去看就业结构,建筑工人会作为一个数字呈现出来,但那并不是真正的全部数字。我们有五家公司都和住房有关。只有一家是直接做住房的,也就是 Clayton Housing。信不信由你,Berkshire Hathaway 是美国最大的住宅建造商。

BECKY: Mm-hmm.
BECKY:嗯。

BUFFETT: Nobody think of us as that. But we’ve got four other companies, Shaw Carpet, Acme Brick...
BUFFETT:没人会把我们看成那样的公司。不过我们还有另外四家公司,Shaw Carpet、Acme Brick……

JOE: Yeah.
JOE:对。

BUFFETT: ...Johns Manville Insulation, MiTek, and those companies are— have been affected enormously by this and they’re employment has gone down from 58,000 at the peak to 45,000 at the peak.
BUFFETT:……Johns Manville Insulation、MiTek,这些公司都——都受到了这件事的巨大影响,它们的员工人数已经从高峰时的 58,000 人下降到了 45,000 人。

BECKY: Hm.
BECKY:嗯。

BUFFETT: When housing comes back, they will go back up and you will see that all throughout the economy.
BUFFETT:等住房市场恢复过来,它们的用工人数也会重新上升,而你会在整个经济中都看到这种现象。

BECKY: Mm-hmm.
BECKY:嗯。

BUFFETT: We have a healthy economy except for housing, but housing is such a big factor. Housing was 22 trillion or so of America’s 60 trillion of wealth a few years back. And when that goes— gets whacked and is held on leverage with mortgages...
BUFFETT:除了住房之外,我们的经济其实是健康的,但住房是一个如此巨大的因素。几年前,住房大约占美国 60 万亿美元财富中的 22 万亿美元。而当这一块资产——遭受重创,而且还是通过按揭贷款加杠杆持有的时候……

BECKY: Mm-hmm.
BECKY:嗯。

BUFFETT: ...the effect is enormous.
BUFFETT:……它带来的冲击是巨大的。

BECKY: OK, I know Joe has a question as well. Joe:
BECKY:好,我知道 Joe 也有一个问题。Joe:

JOE: Yeah, you know, he always— it’s a sore subject, that stupid brick company that he has. You know...
JOE:对,你知道,他总是——那是个敏感话题,就是他手上那家该死的砖头公司。你知道……

BUFFETT: Wait a second, I sent you the— I sent you a brick. Clearly it didn’t have any effect on you.
BUFFETT:等一下,我不是给你寄过——我给你寄过一块砖。显然那对你一点影响都没有。

JOE: I asked for a Marquis Jet Card, you sent me a brick. One brick. One brick.
JOE:我要的是一张 Marquis Jet Card,结果你给我寄来一块砖。一块砖。就一块砖。

BUFFETT: One brick.
BUFFETT:一块砖。

JOE: One brick.
JOE:一块砖。

BUFFETT: And what...
BUFFETT:那又怎么……

ANDREW: I’ve seen the brick. It’s on your desk.
ANDREW:我见过那块砖。它就在你桌子上。

JOE: No, I took it— I actually took it— I actually took it home, but that’s a sore subject, Warren. So, you know, you can’t— you can’t win, though, Warren. I was reading about Berkshire net income come down 30 percent because of derivatives, and I’m like, how did you possibly lose money in derivatives? Because you wrote all those S&P put— you didn’t lose money. You made less than you made last year on the S&P derivatives, on the puts, right? But you can’t win.
JOE:不,我把它拿走了——我其实把它——我其实把它带回家了,但那真是个敏感话题,Warren。所以,你知道,你没法——你根本没法赢,Warren。我刚才在看,说 Berkshire 的净利润因为衍生品下降了 30%,我就想,你怎么可能会在衍生品上亏钱?因为那些 S&P put 都是你写的——你其实根本没亏钱。你只是今年在这些 S&P 衍生品、这些 puts 上赚得没有去年多,对吧?但你就是没法赢。

BUFFETT: Yeah.
BUFFETT:对。

JOE: You make $300 million, they’re still calling you a slouch for having those derivatives.
JOE:你都赚了 3 亿美元,他们还是会因为你持有那些衍生品而说你不行。

BUFFETT: Yeah. Yeah, and actually, if you— if you— if you priced them today vs. December 31st, because the market’s gone up not only here but in Europe and Japan, we would probably show something over a billion dollars of profit today. Now, whether that’ll be as true on March 31st, who knows?
BUFFETT:对。对,而且实际上,如果你——如果你——如果你拿今天的价格和 12 月 31 日相比,因为市场上涨了,不只是美国,欧洲和日本也都涨了,那么我们今天大概会显示出超过 10 亿美元的利润。至于到 3 月 31 日时这个数字是否还成立,谁知道呢?

JOE: Right.
JOE:对。

BUFFETT: But it doesn’t mean anything. I mean, we’ve got— we’ve got $4.8 billion stuck in our pocket five years going.
BUFFETT:但这并不说明什么。我的意思是,我们已经——我们已经把 48 亿美元装进自己口袋里五年了。

JOE: I know.
JOE:我知道。

BUFFETT: And this— you know, anyway, it— we wrote about it all.
BUFFETT:而这个——你知道,总之,这件事——我们已经把它全都写出来了。

JOE: Yeah, I know. So, but that’s just the way the headline— the other headline today that you knew was coming was Buffett’s “trust me” on succession isn’t cutting it. And I— you know, the Journal’s got an article and— saying that yeah, the board’s comfortable. What? Your shareholders are chopped liver? They can’t be comfortable, too? It creates instability. Why not just— why not just say who it is? Or are you still worried about like a David Sokol thing where you— the guy that— maybe the guy that you’ve— that you’ve identified, you know, maybe something— he falls out of favor, so you still have the option of changing it at the last minute. Why not just tell everyone?
JOE:对,我知道。所以,不过标题就是这么写的——今天另一个你早就知道会来的标题是,说 Buffett 在接班人问题上那套“相信我就行”已经不管用了。而我——你知道,《华尔街日报》有篇文章——说董事会当然是放心的。什么?那股东就不是人了?他们就不能也放心吗?这会制造不稳定。为什么不干脆——为什么不干脆直接说出那个人是谁?还是说你还在担心会出现类似 David Sokol 那样的事——就是你——那个你看中的人——也许你已经确定的人,突然出了什么事——他失宠了,所以你还想保留最后一刻更换的余地。为什么不直接告诉所有人?

BUFFETT: Yeah. Well, we have four stocks that we have $45 billion invested in: American Express, Coca-Cola, Wells Fargo and IBM. Every one of those four companies with 45 billion, every one of those four companies has changed management since we bought our shares. I didn’t have the faintest idea who the successor of management would be in any of those four, but we’ve put billions and billions of billions of dollars in there. In some cases, it’s changed more than once. I don’t know who the next manager of those four companies will be, but I don’t worry about that. They’re wonderful businesses, and they’ve got good boards of directors; and when the time comes, they will pick the person that will do the best job. And if they make a mistake, they’ll make a change. And we’ve had that— like I say, if you ask me who the next CEO of Coke or American Express or Wells Fargo or IBM would be, I don’t know the answer, and I don’t care. I know they’ve got wonderful businesses, and I know they’re developing wonderful talent. Now, the interesting thing at Berkshire is, normally if you run a business, you’re look— you’re looking for somebody from production or manufacturing or sales or something to succeed the CEO. At Berkshire, we have dozens of CEOs who are running businesses. We’ve got people like Matt Rose running the BNSF. I mean, they are CEOs already. So we have a choice of dozens of CEOs, which his a luxury that I don’t know another company that has it.
BUFFETT:对。嗯,我们有四只股票,合计投资了 450 亿美元:American Express、Coca-Cola、Wells Fargo 和 IBM。我们在这四家公司上的 450 亿美元投资里,这四家公司自从我们买入股份以来,每一家都更换过管理层。我当初根本不知道这四家公司里任何一家未来的管理层接班人会是谁,但我们还是往里投了数十亿、数十亿、再数十亿美元。在有些情况下,管理层甚至已经更换过不止一次。我也不知道这四家公司下一任管理者会是谁,但我并不为此担心。它们都是非常出色的企业,而且它们都有很好的董事会;等到时候到了,它们自然会选出那个最能把工作做好的人。如果他们选错了,他们也会做出调整。我们一直都是这样——就像我说的,如果你问我 Coke、American Express、Wells Fargo 或 IBM 的下一任 CEO 会是谁,我不知道答案,而且我也不在乎。我知道它们拥有极好的业务,我也知道它们在培养极好的人才。现在,Berkshire 有趣的地方在于,通常如果你经营一家企业,你会——你会去找一个来自生产、制造、销售之类岗位的人来接 CEO 的班。但在 Berkshire,我们有几十位正在经营企业的 CEO。我们有像 Matt Rose 这样管理 BNSF 的人。我的意思是,他们本身就已经是 CEO 了。所以我们有几十位 CEO 可以挑选,这是一种奢侈,我不知道还有哪家公司拥有这种条件。

JOE: Hm.
JOE:嗯。

BUFFETT: So you know, in the end, you know, it may be— it could be tonight, it could be five years from now. The board of directors knows exactly who the person is the next morning. And I don’t know, for example, Amazon is now the— or I should say Apple is now the largest company by market value in the country.
BUFFETT:所以你知道,归根到底,这件事也许——可能是今晚,也可能是五年后发生。董事会会在第二天早上清清楚楚知道那个人是谁。举个例子,我不知道,Amazon 现在是——或者我应该说,Apple 现在已经是这个国家按市值计算最大的公司了。

JOE: Yeah.
JOE:对。

BUFFETT: Exxon’s number two. I don’t know whether you know who the successor is to Tim Cook or Rex Tillerson.
BUFFETT:Exxon 排第二。我不知道你是否知道 Tim Cook 或 Rex Tillerson 的接班人是谁。

JOE: But it’s not Matt Rose. Now you just said it’s not Matt Rose. So now I know it’s not Matt Rose.
JOE:但那个人不是 Matt Rose。你刚刚已经说了不是 Matt Rose。所以现在我知道了,至少不是 Matt Rose。

BUFFETT: No.
BUFFETT:不。

JOE: Because you just said he’s got a— he’s got to run the railroads.
JOE:因为你刚刚才说过,他有——他得去管铁路业务。

ANDREW: Right.
ANDREW:对。

JOE: So he can’t run Berkshire.
JOE:所以他不可能再去管 Berkshire。

BUFFETT: Well...
BUFFETT:嗯……

JOE: So it’s not— no. I was hoping it might be Matt. I like Matt. Now I realize it’s...
JOE:所以不是——不是。我本来还希望会是 Matt。我喜欢 Matt。现在我明白了,这个人不是……

BECKY: Is that universally it’s definitely not?
BECKY:所以你的意思是,可以完全确定肯定不是他吗?

BUFFETT: No, I think— I think you misread that. The person— the person who’s going to become CEO of Berkshire is probably a CEO of some operation within Berkshire Hathaway.
BUFFETT:不,我觉得——我觉得你理解错了。那个——将来会成为 Berkshire CEO 的人,很可能现在就是 Berkshire Hathaway 旗下某项业务的 CEO。

JOE: Oh, so it is Matt Rose.
JOE:哦,那这么说就是 Matt Rose 了。

ANDREW: Right.
ANDREW:对。

BECKY: Well, you said...
BECKY:嗯,你刚才说……

ANDREW: Hey, Warren...
ANDREW:嘿,Warren……

BUFFETT: You’re breaking news here, John.
BUFFETT:你这是在这里自己制造新闻啊,John。

ANDREW: Hey, Warren...
ANDREW:嘿,Warren……

BUFFETT: You’re stretching to do it, but you’re— yeah.
BUFFETT:你这是硬往那上面扯,不过你——对。

ANDREW: When you sit and talk to the board about a potential successor, and you talk about the downsides of naming that person or naming a list of people, what are those downsides? And I ask it only because there is all of this pressure, and it would seem that, you know, you just mentioned Tim Cook, there was a sense, though I don’t know if it was said publicly, that he clearly was going to be the successor and that gave some people a sense of stability around what was going to happen after, if you will, a Steve Jobs.
ANDREW:当你坐下来和董事会讨论潜在接班人时,你提到如果公开那个人的名字,或者公开一份候选人名单,会有一些不利之处。那么这些不利之处具体是什么?我之所以问这个,只是因为现在外界有很大压力,而且看起来——就像你刚才提到 Tim Cook——当时外界多少有一种感觉,虽然我不知道是否有被公开讲明,那就是他显然会成为接班人。而这件事,至少让一些人对 Steve Jobs 之后会发生什么,产生了一种稳定感。

BUFFETT: Yeah. I think that was probably made clear, though, after it was also clear that Steve Jobs had a real health problem. I would ask you this, who’s Tim Cook’s successor?
BUFFETT:对。不过我认为,那件事大概是在大家也都已经清楚 Steve Jobs 确实有严重健康问题之后,才变得比较明确的。我反过来问你一个问题,谁是 Tim Cook 的接班人?

ANDREW: It’s a good question, I have— you— you’re...
ANDREW:这是个好问题,我——你——你这……

BUFFETT: Yeah. No, no.
BUFFETT:对。不,不。

ANDREW: It’s a great question.
ANDREW:这是个非常好的问题。

BUFFETT: No, no, nobody knows. Yeah. I don’t— I don’t know. You know, who’s— you know, who’s Jeff Immelt’s successor? Who’s Jamie Dimon’s successor? It— all of those people have decided— they’ve got somebody in mind. I will guarantee you that. Their directors have discussed it. But for various reasons, one of the reasons being that they don’t know when it’ll happen.
BUFFETT:不,不,没有人知道。对。我不知道——我不知道。你知道,谁会是——你知道,谁会是 Jeff Immelt 的接班人?谁会是 Jamie Dimon 的接班人?这些人——这些公司肯定都已经做了决定——他们心里都有人选了。这一点我可以向你保证。他们的董事会一定讨论过这件事。但出于各种原因,其中一个原因就是,他们并不知道这件事会在什么时候发生。

ANDREW: Right.
ANDREW:对。

BUFFETT: And when it happens makes a difference. And they also probably don’t like the effect of having a crown prince.
BUFFETT:而发生的时间不同,意义也会不同。而且他们大概也不喜欢出现一个“王储”式人物所带来的影响。

ANDREW: Right. You...
ANDREW:对。你……

BUFFETT: They— you know.
BUFFETT:他们——你知道。

ANDREW: You were much more...
ANDREW:你这次比以前更……

BECKY: Warren, this is the first time...
BECKY:Warren,这是第一次……

ANDREW: Oh.
ANDREW:哦。

BECKY: This is the first time that in the annual letter you’ve actually laid out and told the shareholders that there is one person in mind.
BECKY:这是你第一次在年度股东信里明确写出来,并且告诉股东,董事会心里已经有一个明确的人选。

BUFFETT: Well...
BUFFETT:嗯……

BECKY: In the past, it was always this idea that it was one of three or one of four people.
BECKY:过去的说法一直都是,候选人是三个人或四个人中的一个。

BUFFETT: Yeah. Well, you can blame me for that because I have said at annual meetings that the board knows exactly which one they would pick the next morning. But I probably haven’t made that as clear as I should’ve that it’s always been the case that even though there were three possibilities or four possibilities, they knew which one would be the designated one the next day, but they did have these backup candidates. I probably should’ve made that more clear, and I tried to make that clear this time. What— five years ago, if something happened to me five years ago, the board had one person in mind, they had a couple of backups at that time, always.
BUFFETT:对。嗯,这一点你可以怪我,因为我以前在年度股东大会上说过,董事会完全知道如果第二天早上要选,他们会选哪一个人。但我可能没有把这件事说得足够清楚:实际上一直以来都是这样,哪怕有三个可能人选,或者四个可能人选,他们也一直知道如果第二天就必须指定一个人,会指定谁;只是与此同时,他们也一直保留着几个备选人。我大概本来应该把这一点说得更清楚些,这次我也试着把它说清楚。也就是说——五年前,如果五年前我出了什么事,董事会当时心里就已经有一个明确人选了,同时他们也一直有几个备选方案。

BECKY: Is— a year ago, was it a different person they had in mind than it is now?
BECKY:那么——一年前,他们心里想的人,和现在想的人,是不是同一个人?

BUFFETT: No, no.
BUFFETT:不,不是变来变去的。

BECKY: And I ask that because David Sokol has since left the company.
BECKY:我之所以这么问,是因为 David Sokol 后来已经离开了公司。

BUFFETT: Yeah. No. The same person— it would’ve been the same person a year ago as now. And you can go back further.
BUFFETT:对。不是。那个人是同一个人——一年前会是这个人,现在也还是这个人。你甚至可以再往前推。

BECKY: So it was not David Sokol.
BECKY:所以那个人不是 David Sokol。

BUFFETT: You can go back further than that.
BUFFETT:你可以再往前推得更早一些。

BECKY: It was— it was not David Sokol a year ago or further back than that?
BECKY:也就是说——一年前不是 David Sokol,更早之前也不是他?

BUFFETT: No. Not the one they would’ve picked.
BUFFETT:对。不是那个他们会选的人。

BECKY: Can you give us an update on what has happened with the Sokol situation?
BECKY:你能不能给我们更新一下,Sokol 这件事后来进展如何?

BUFFETT: Well, I really don’t know because it’s being investigated by various authorities, and they talked to me last June just— and not a deposition or anything like that, it was just an informal...
BUFFETT:嗯,我其实真的不知道,因为这件事正在被不同的监管机构调查。他们去年 6 月找我谈过一次——不过不是正式口供之类的,只是一次非正式的……

BECKY: Who did?
BECKY:是谁找你谈的?

BUFFETT: Well, I can tell you the SEC did.
BUFFETT:嗯,我可以告诉你,SEC 找过我。

BECKY: Mm-hmm.
BECKY:嗯。

BUFFETT: And they— and then that’s the last I’ve heard. Now, unfortunately, I know that it must be fairly active because we have to pay Dave’s legal bills under Delaware law, and we’ve paid, I think, something like a million four, so I assume something is going on. I hate paying these legal bills, naturally. And now if he’s found guilty of a crime, we can claw those back at some point, but the bills just come in. I read the other day where Fannie Mae, they have paid 99 point something million dollars on three people, Frank Raines, Tim Howard and one other fellow, and they’re not done yet, either. And, of course, that’s the American taxpayer paying that. And it’s a very awkward thing when you have somebody that’s been charged with something that was an employee and, under Delaware law, you basically have this duty to defend them. Although you can claw it back if they’re later found to commit a— to have committed a crime. And Dave has plenty of money, so we would not have a problem getting it back if that’s the case. But I have no notion, I’ve not talked to Dave, I’ve not talked to the authorities. I mean, it’s their investigation, and I’m on the sidelines but writing checks.
BUFFETT:然后——从那以后我就再没听到什么消息了。不过,不幸的是,我知道这件事肯定还挺活跃,因为按 Delaware law,我们必须支付 Dave 的法律费用,而我们已经付了,我想,大概有 140 万美元左右,所以我推测事情还在进行中。我当然很讨厌支付这些法律账单。而且如果他最后被认定犯了罪,我们到时候是可以把这些钱追回来的,但现在账单还是会一张张寄来。我前几天看到,Fannie Mae 已经为三个人支付了 9,900 多万美元的法律费用,Frank Raines、Tim Howard,还有另外一个人,而且这还没结束。当然,最终为这笔钱买单的是美国纳税人。当一个被指控有问题的人曾经是你的员工时,这会变得非常尴尬,因为根据 Delaware law,你基本上有义务为他们提供辩护。当然,如果后来他们被认定确实犯了——确实实施了犯罪行为,你是可以把钱追回来的。Dave 很有钱,所以如果真到了那一步,我们在追回这笔钱上不会有问题。但我对此没有任何额外信息,我没有和 Dave 谈过,也没有和监管机构谈过。我的意思是,这是他们的调查,而我是在场边负责开支票的人。

BECKY: Mm-hmm. Andrew, I’m sorry, did you have another question?
BECKY:嗯。Andrew,不好意思,你还有别的问题吗?

ANDREW: No, no, no. You asked the— you asked the exact question that we were planning to ask.
ANDREW:没有,没有,没有。你问的——你问的正是我们原本打算问的问题。

BECKY: Just in terms of what had happened with that situation?
BECKY:就是关于那件事后来发生了什么,对吗?

ANDREW: No, less on Sokol. No. I was more interested in the fact that in the— in the report, he identified— he said that he had one candidate in mind, and I was curious what had happened in the past year that was different from years past, but he answered that question directly, so.
ANDREW:不,关于 Sokol 的部分倒不是重点。不是。我更感兴趣的是,在——在那份报告里,他明确提到——他说董事会心里已经有一个候选人了,我只是好奇,过去这一年到底发生了什么,让这件事和前几年不一样了。不过他已经直接回答了这个问题,所以……

BECKY: Hm.
BECKY:嗯。

BUFFETT: Yeah. I started all this trouble five or 10 years ago, facetiously I answered some question.
BUFFETT:对。五年或者十年前,我半开玩笑地回答了某个问题,结果就把这一连串麻烦给引出来了。

BECKY: Mm-hmm.
BECKY:嗯。

BUFFETT: I said, `Well, I’ve got this envelope.′ I didn’t have any envelope. But, `I’ve got this envelope,′ and I made this crack that I said, “Well, I open the envelope, and I pull out the slip inside, and it said, `Check my pulse again.’” But somehow that all got into the fact that there really was an envelope, and I— for— another one of my jokes that’s gone astray.
BUFFETT:我当时说,‘嗯,我这里有个信封。’其实我根本没有什么信封。但我说,‘我这里有个信封,’然后我还开玩笑说:‘好吧,我打开信封,抽出里面那张纸条,上面写着:“再检查一下我的脉搏。”’但不知怎么的,这件事后来就被传成了真的有那么一个信封,而我——这又成了——我另一个被人误解跑偏的玩笑。

BECKY: All right. Well, Warren, we’re going to take time right now to go get a check on the markets and when we come back, we’ll have more of this conversation. Andrew.
BECKY:好吧。Warren,我们现在先花点时间去看一下市场情况,等我们回来之后,还会继续这段谈话。Andrew。

ANDREW: Absolutely. We’re going to come back in just a moment. Are we going to the markets right now? We are. We’re going to go across the pond to see our good friend Ross Westgate who’s standing by with the Global Markets Report. Ross.
ANDREW:没错。我们马上就回来。我们现在要先切到市场吗?对,是的。我们现在要连线大洋彼岸,请来我们的老朋友 Ross Westgate,他已经准备好为大家带来《全球市场报道》。Ross。

ROSS WESTGATE reporting: Hey, Andrew. Good morning to you. Everybody here in Europe perking their ears up there when Warren says he bought eight European stocks towards the end of last year. Well, if they were German stocks, he would’ve done quite well because the Xtra Dax so far this year up around 16 percent.
ROSS WESTGATE 报道:嘿,Andrew,早上好。刚才 Warren 说他在去年年底买了八只欧洲股票,这边欧洲所有人一下子都竖起耳朵来了。要是那几只是德国股票的话,他今年到现在应该赚得相当不错,因为 Xtra Dax 年内到目前为止已经上涨了大约 16%。

BECKY: Warren Buffett sitting here, and he said that he’s paying very close attention to what you’re saying, too, now that he has those eight European stocks that he’s watching.
BECKY:Warren Buffett 现在就坐在这里,他刚才还说,既然他现在手里持有并在关注那八只欧洲股票,他也在非常认真地听你刚才说的话。

All right. Right now we’re going to pause for a break, but we have much more with Warren Buffett when we come back. He’ll be answering some of your email and Twitter questions right after this.
好,现在我们要先暂停一下,进入广告时间,不过回来之后,我们还会继续和 Warren Buffett 深聊。他马上会回答一些来自你们电子邮件和 Twitter 的问题。

Also, BUFFETT WATCH is not stopping there. A little later today, I’ll be hosting a Facebook Q&A session. That starts at 11:30 AM Eastern Time. Right now, though, as we head to a break, check out the global market headlines. SQUAWK BOX will be right back.
另外,BUFFETT WATCH 还不止这些。今天稍晚一些时候,我还会主持一场 Facebook 问答活动。活动将在美国东部时间上午 11 点 30 分开始。不过现在,在我们进入广告前,先来看一下全球市场头条。《SQUAWK BOX》马上回来。

BECKY: Let’s get back to some of our questions with Warren Buffett this morning. Warren, Joe just mentioned that national average on oil prices climbing to $3.69. Do you worry that higher oil prices, higher prices at the pump could cut off any sort of economic rebound here in the United States?
BECKY:让我们回到今天早上对 Warren Buffett 的提问。Warren,Joe 刚才提到,全美平均油价已经涨到 3.69 美元。你会不会担心,更高的油价、更高的加油站价格,会扼杀美国这边正在出现的经济复苏?

BUFFETT: Well, they’re a minus, but I don’t see them stopping things. I mean, you know, I’d rather have them a lot lower. Of course, we had them a lot lower when the — when the panic hit. I mean, oil had been $147 a barrel, you know, prior to Obama coming in.
BUFFETT:嗯,这当然是个负面因素,但我不认为它们会让事情停下来。我的意思是,你知道,我当然更希望它们低得多。其实,当——当恐慌来袭的时候,油价确实低得多。我的意思是,在 Obama 上台之前,油价曾经涨到每桶 147 美元。

BECKY: Mm-hmm.
BECKY:嗯。

BUFFETT: And then, when the panic hit, it hit everything. And then oil totally tanked. But, no, I do not think it will derail what’s been going on now for almost three years, two and a half years. We’ve had a steady recovery.
BUFFETT:然后,当那场恐慌袭来时,它冲击了一切。接着油价就彻底崩了。不过,不,我不认为这会打乱现在已经持续了将近三年、或者说两年半的这个过程。我们一直是在稳步复苏。

BECKY: Does the price of oil make since given that economic recovery? Or is this something where people are just a little too worried about what’s happening in the Middle East? Or is this a situation where you have speculators playing in the commodities markets again?
BECKY:考虑到当前的经济复苏,油价涨到这个水平合理吗?还是说,人们只是对中东正在发生的事情有些过度担忧?又或者,这其实是投机者再次在大宗商品市场里兴风作浪的结果?

BUFFETT: You know, I’ve got no position in oil, so I don’t— I don’t really have a view. The one thing that’s extraordinary in oil, which we’ve never seen and which has probably caused some people to go broke, is you have this— you have 100-plus dollar oil, $108 oil the other day, whatever it was, with $2.50 for natural gas.
BUFFETT:你知道,我在石油上没有任何仓位,所以我不——我其实并没有什么明确看法。石油市场里有一件非常反常的事,是我们以前从没见过的,而且这大概已经让一些人亏到破产了,那就是你现在看到——你看到油价在 100 多美元,前几天大概是 108 美元一桶,与此同时天然气却只有 2.50 美元。

BECKY: Right.
BECKY:对。

BUFFETT: Nothing like that’s ever existed, and I mean, the BTU equivalent, you know, people say that can’t happen. So people that have gone long natural gas and short oil are really feeling the pain. I wouldn’t be surprised if even the unwinding of some of those positions could cause some of what goes on in both markets, but this is— this is extraordinary. I mean, and you would’ve said it couldn’t happen, but that’s like saying before long-term capital management, you know, you couldn’t have had 30-year Treasurys and 29 1/2-year Treasurys with 30 basis point spread. You never— you want to be very careful in markets saying something can’t happen.
BUFFETT:以前从来没有出现过这样的情况。我的意思是,从 BTU 等值的角度来看,你知道,很多人会说这种事根本不可能发生。所以,那些做多天然气、做空石油的人,现在肯定非常痛苦。我一点也不会惊讶,如果连这些头寸的平仓本身都会对两个市场中的某些走势造成影响,但这——这实在是非常反常。我的意思是,你本来会说这种事不可能发生,但这就像是在 long-term capital management 事件之前,你说不可能出现 30 年期美国国债和 29 年半期美国国债之间有 30 个基点的利差一样。你永远——在市场里说“某件事不可能发生”时,一定要非常小心。

BECKY: In your annual letter, you actually said that you had guessed wrong on where natural gas prices were going to be headed and that was one of the issues that you wish you had done.
BECKY:你在年度股东信里实际上提到过,你对天然气价格未来走势的判断猜错了,而那是你很希望自己当初没有做错的一件事。

BUFFETT: Did I ever? Yeah. Yeah. Like a billion dollars worth plus.
BUFFETT:我真这么写过?对。对。大概是 10 亿美元以上的级别。

BECKY: Let’s get to some questions from viewers. We promised to bring some of those up, and we were just talking about succession at Berkshire. You had a lot of questions that came in both on Twitter and on our own email of people asking more questions about that. One’s from Max Rudolph who writes in that while you’re very careful generally about how you write your annual report, nowhere has it ever said that the CEO that you have in mind is an internal candidate. It seems to leave open the possibility that a board member could become CEO. Can you comment on that?
BECKY:我们来看看观众提出的一些问题。我们刚才答应过会带入一些观众提问,而我们之前也正好在谈 Berkshire 的接班人问题。无论是在 Twitter 上,还是在我们自己的电子邮件里,都有很多人继续追问这件事。其中有一位是 Max Rudolph,他写信说,虽然你一向对年度股东信的措辞非常谨慎,但你从来没有明确写过你心里想的那个 CEO 人选一定是内部候选人。这似乎留下了一种可能性,也就是说董事会成员也有可能成为 CEO。你能谈谈这一点吗?

BUFFETT: Well, that would not be impossible. I mean, it— I don’t think it’s going to be the case, but certainly we’ve got incredible business talent on the board, and they’re intimately familiar with Berkshire. I think it’s very, very unlikely that we wouldn’t have somebody better for the position as a CEO of one of our companies, but if we’re on a— I was going to say a train trip, but I’ll say a plane trip and the plane went down, we had all of our managers on there, the board would not be a bad place to look. But that isn’t going to happen.
BUFFETT:嗯,这并不是完全不可能。我的意思是,这——我觉得事情大概率不会这样发展,但毫无疑问,我们董事会里有极其出色的商业人才,而且他们对 Berkshire 也非常熟悉。我认为,极其、极其不可能出现这样一种情况:我们旗下某家公司现任 CEO 里找不到比董事会成员更适合接任的人。但如果我们在一次——我本来想说火车旅行,不过还是说飞机旅行吧——如果飞机坠毁了,而我们的所有经理人都在那架飞机上,那么董事会倒也不失为一个可以考虑的人选来源。不过那种事不会发生。

BECKY: OK. Another question comes in from Ed Polli in Bridgeport, Ohio, who wants to know if the person that the board has chosen to be your successor, does he know that he’s been chosen?
BECKY:好。还有一个问题来自俄亥俄州 Bridgeport 的 Ed Polli,他想知道,董事会已经选定作为你接班人的那个人,他自己知道自己已经被选中了吗?

BUFFETT: No.
BUFFETT:不知道。

BECKY: OK. Jeff Webb writes in from Washington and he says, “Will it be necessary for the next Berkshire CEO to reside in Omaha. And will the annual shareholder meeting remain in Omaha after” you leave?
BECKY:好。还有来自华盛顿的 Jeff Webb 写信问:“下一任 Berkshire CEO 是否必须居住在 Omaha?另外,在你离开之后,年度股东大会是否还会继续留在 Omaha 举行?”

BUFFETT: Well, that’s a good question. I would certainly hope so, but I won’t be around to enforce it. I— well, maybe I will. I’ve left them all a Ouija board so they can stay in contact with me. I’ve threatened them in various ways. But I would say that there’s every intention of the headquarters of Berkshire being in Omaha 50 years, 100 years from now and that— and it wouldn’t make sense for the CEO not to be located where the headquarters are. So I think that’s a 99.9 percent answer, yes.
BUFFETT:嗯,这是个好问题。我当然希望如此,不过到时候我不会在场去强制执行这件事。我——嗯,也许我还是会在场。我给他们都留了一块 Ouija board,这样他们还能继续和我保持联系。我已经用各种方式“威胁”过他们了。不过我会说,Berkshire 的总部在 50 年后、100 年后继续留在 Omaha,这一点是完全有这个意图的。而且——而且如果 CEO 不在总部所在地办公,那也讲不通。所以我想,这件事有 99.9% 的概率,答案是“对”。

BECKY: All right. David Lund from Ogden, Utah, writes in and points out that when Lou Simpson retired, his portfolio was liquidated.
BECKY:好。来自犹他州 Ogden 的 David Lund 来信指出,Lou Simpson 退休时,他管理的投资组合被清算了。

BUFFETT: Right.
BUFFETT:对。

BECKY: What will happen to your portfolio when you retire?
BECKY:那等你退休时,你的投资组合会怎么处理?

BUFFETT: Well, I don’t know. I mean, that will be for somebody else to decide. But what will happen is that Todd Combs and Ted Weschler, who are already on board now, will be managing the investments, and they will be managing counting the cash. They’ll be managing $160 billion, and they’re totally capable of doing that. My guess is that they would like some of the things we own very well, but it will be their call. They each, as I mentioned in the annual report, they’re managing about 1 3/4 billion now, although that number will go up during 2012. I don’t know what they’re buying. They don’t have to check that with me. They can be buying— each buying the same stock. I think in one case, they’ve done that. But it’s their baby. I mean, I— they are getting paid based on their results and it wouldn’t mean anything if I— if I were second-guessing them or they had to get approved by me. So they will buy stocks, and I will find out about it later, even though they work in the same office. And when I’m not there, they will just be managing a whole lot more money, and they’re totally capable of doing that.
BUFFETT:嗯,我不知道。我的意思是,那将由别人来决定。不过可以确定的是,Todd Combs 和 Ted Weschler 现在已经加入了,他们将负责管理投资,也将负责管理那一大笔现金。他们将管理 1600 亿美元,而且他们完全有能力做到这一点。我的猜测是,他们会非常喜欢我们目前持有的一些资产,但最终决定权会在他们手里。正如我在年报里提到的,他们现在各自管理大约 17.5 亿美元,当然这个数字在 2012 年还会上升。我不知道他们在买什么。他们不需要就这件事来征求我的意见。他们甚至可以——两个人各自都买同一只股票。我想在一个案例里,他们确实这么做过。但那是他们自己的事情。我的意思是,我——他们的报酬是基于他们自己的业绩来支付的,所以如果我——如果我还要对他们的决定指手画脚,或者他们做决定还必须经过我批准,那就没有任何意义了。所以他们会买股票,而我会在之后才知道,即便他们就在和我同一个办公室里工作。等我不在了,他们不过就是要管理多得多的钱,而他们完全有能力做到这一点。

BECKY: They each have a few billion dollars right now?
BECKY:他们现在每个人手上都已经有好几十亿美元在管了?

BUFFETT: Right now. But that will go— that will even go up during this year.
BUFFETT:现在是这样。不过这个数字——今年之内还会继续增加。

BECKY: OK. Control room, I’d like to go to number 108, this is a question that came in from Gary Watkins in Atlanta, Georgia. Since you bring up Todd Combs and Ted Weschler, he writes in and says when you’re talking about them, you say each of them receives 80 percent of his performance compensation from his own investment results and 20 percent from his partner’s. He assumes that this is so they will help each other. Can you elaborate?
BECKY:好。导播室,我想切到第 108 题,这个问题来自乔治亚州亚特兰大的 Gary Watkins。既然你提到了 Todd Combs 和 Ted Weschler,他写信说,你在谈到他们时提到,两人各自的绩效报酬有 80% 来自自己的投资结果,20% 来自对方的投资结果。他猜想你这样设计,是为了让他们彼此帮助。你能展开说说吗?

BUFFETT: Yeah. Well, that’s— the point is, I’ve seen investment organizations where people are competing with each other. You know.
BUFFETT:对。嗯,这——关键在于,我见过一些投资机构,里面的人彼此之间是在相互竞争的。你知道。

BECKY: Mm-hmm.
BECKY:嗯。

BUFFETT: And these fellows wouldn’t anyway. But I do believe in having compensation systems that reinforce the values that we value.
BUFFETT:而这两个人本来就不会那样。不过我确实相信,薪酬制度应该去强化那些我们真正重视的价值观。

And we certainly value cooperation among two people doing that sort of thing. So— and both of these fellows agreed with this arrangement. I mean, it made sense to them. So they get paid 80 percent on their own performance and 20 percent on the other person’s performance. And performance is defined as doing better than the S&P 500 over a period of time. Todd came on board a year ago, and he did very well the first year, so he has earned a significant amount of performance compensation. Ted didn’t participate in that because he wasn’t— he didn’t come on board till this year. But from this point forward, they will participate with each other.
而且我们当然重视做这类工作的人之间的合作。所以——这两位也都同意这种安排。我的意思是,这对他们来说也是合理的。所以他们的报酬构成是:80% 取决于自己的业绩,20% 取决于另一个人的业绩。而这里所说的业绩,是指在一段时间里表现优于 S&P 500。Todd 是一年前加入的,而他第一年的表现非常好,所以他已经赚到了相当可观的一笔绩效报酬。Ted 当时没有参与,因为他——他直到今年才加入。不过从现在开始,他们就会彼此一起参与这套机制。

BECKY: OK. Andrew, you have a question as well?
BECKY:好。Andrew,你也有个问题,对吗?

ANDREW: It’s on this topic. Hey, Warren, I’m curious if you imagine bringing on other investment managers still. I think I remember recalling you said something to the effect that you were thinking of two to three to possibly more than that. And I’m wondering have you— have you found the two that you love and that there’s no more, or you think that there might be additional?
ANDREW:也是关于这个话题的。嘿,Warren,我很好奇,你现在是否还会考虑再引入其他投资经理。我记得你好像曾说过,大概的想法是两到三位,甚至可能更多。我想知道的是,你现在——你现在是不是已经找到了你最满意的这两位,所以不会再增加了?还是说,你觉得未来还有可能继续增加人选?

BUFFETT: I certainly feel no need for any more. I feel terrific with these two, and they could easily handle the whole place. So it may well be that we find a third, but I’m not— I’m not— I’m not thinking about that actively. And if somebody came along that I thought was absolutely terrific and I thought it would add something to the picture, I wouldn’t hesitate to do it. And Todd and Ted would not be surprised if I did it. But you may very well be talking to me— I hope you are talking to me five years from now, and it will be Todd and Ted. They’re terrific human beings. I mean, these are two fellows who were running, in effect, hedge funds. They were making more money than they can make with Berkshire, and they were getting, A, an entirely different tax treatment. They had a carried interest. So the money that Todd made last year, which was substantial, he would have made that same money if he’d been running his hedge fund. I mean— and he would have gone to work the same time in the morning. He has a couple of assistants. They would have been the same people, he would have been reading the same reports. But he would have been taxed at less than half the rate that he was taxed at because we pay it to him as ordinary income. And otherwise, he would have got it as long-term gain.
BUFFETT:我当然并不觉得还需要更多人手。我对这两位感觉非常好,而且他们完全可以轻松管起整个盘子。所以,未来也不是没有可能我们会找到第三个人,但我——我——我现在并没有积极地去想这件事。如果真有某个人出现,而我觉得他绝对非常出色,并且我认为他能给这个整体增加一些东西,我也不会犹豫去这么做。而且如果我这么做了,Todd 和 Ted 也不会感到意外。不过,你们很可能——我也希望五年后你们还在采访我,而到那个时候,大概率还是 Todd 和 Ted。他们是非常出色的人。我的意思是,这两个人原本实际上都在经营 hedge funds。他们当时赚的钱比在 Berkshire 能赚到的更多,而且第一,他们享受的是完全不同的税务待遇。他们有 carried interest。所以 Todd 去年赚到的那笔钱——数额相当可观——如果他还在经营自己的 hedge fund,他同样也能赚到那笔钱。我的意思是——而且他每天早上还是会在同样的时间去上班。他有几个助手,那些助手也会是同样的人,他读的还是同样的报告。但他的税率却不到现在的一半,因为我们把这笔钱按 ordinary income 支付给他;否则的话,他本来会按 long-term gain 来纳税。

BECKY: Doesn’t seem fair.
BECKY:这看起来可不太公平。

BUFFETT: It’s a little crazy, isn’t it?
BUFFETT:这有点荒唐,不是吗?

BECKY: Yeah. It gets us to the topic of tax policy, and I know that’s a big can of worms that we’re opening up this morning, too.
BECKY:对。这也把我们带到了税收政策这个话题上,而我知道,我们今天早上打开的也是一个很大的马蜂窝。

BUFFETT: Yeah.
BUFFETT:对。

BECKY: You have had a huge role in the discussion around taxes, and you’ve been someone who’s come out very sharply on President Obama’s side. In fact, there’s the Buffett tax that’s now named after you.
BECKY:你在围绕税收的讨论中一直扮演了非常重要的角色,而且你也是一个非常鲜明地站在 President Obama 一边的人。事实上,现在甚至还有一项以你名字命名的 Buffett tax。

BUFFETT: Yeah. Well, that’s because Alzheimer’s had already been used. I always wanted to have a disease named after me but...
BUFFETT:对。嗯,那是因为 Alzheimer’s 这个名字已经被占用了。我一直都想有一种病能以我的名字命名,不过……

BECKY: What— how do you feel about the turn that this has taken in the national discourse and how it’s put you front and center in a very contentious debate?
BECKY:那——你怎么看这件事在全国舆论中的演变,以及它如何把你推到了这场高度争议性辩论的最前台?

BUFFETT: Yeah. Well, maybe there’s a lot of people— by definition, almost, if you’re— if you’re into something where the Republicans tend to be on one side and the Democrats on the other side, all you do is you make half the people of the United States mad at you for coming out of the chute. But that’s OK. The— you know, the important thing, we’ve got an important problem in the United States, and a very important problem, and it was man created and it can be solved by man. But it needs analysis, it needs thought, and then it needs action. And to the extent that I can contribute either in the, in the thought or the analysis or the action, you know, I— I’ll do it. But it isn’t like I’ve got any magic facts that anyone else doesn’t have. I mean, I just go on the Internet and get facts and then— and see where they lead me. But I don’t think there’s anyone— it’s been very interesting to me. Republicans and Democrats know we need more revenue and we need lower expenditures and...
BUFFETT:对。嗯,也许有很多人——几乎可以说是按定义来讲——如果你——如果你参与的是这样一种议题:Republicans 往往站在一边,Democrats 站在另一边,那你只要一开口,几乎就注定会让美国一半的人生你的气。不过这没关系。这个——你知道,重要的是,我们美国现在有一个重要的问题,而且是一个非常重要的问题。这个问题是人制造出来的,因此也可以由人来解决。但它需要分析,需要思考,然后还需要行动。而只要我能在思考、分析或者行动这些方面贡献一点力量,你知道,我——我就会去做。但这并不是说我掌握了什么别人没有的神奇事实。我的意思是,我只是上网去找事实,然后——然后看看这些事实会把我带向哪里。不过我不认为有谁——这件事对我来说一直很有意思。Republicans 和 Democrats 都知道,我们需要更多财政收入,也需要更低的支出,而且……

BECKY: But that’s not necessarily something they would all agree to. We have plenty of people who come on the show who say that it’s not necessarily a matter of bringing in more revenue. You do that by lowering taxes and thereby growing the pie. And that, as a result of growing the pie, you can actually lower people’s tax rates and still bring in more money.
BECKY:但这未必是他们所有人都会同意的事。我们节目里有很多嘉宾会说,问题未必一定是要增加财政收入。你可以通过降低税率来做这件事,从而把整个蛋糕做大。而随着蛋糕变大,结果就是你实际上可以一边降低人们的税率,一边仍然带来更多的财政收入。

BUFFETT: Yeah. Well, the pie is going to grow, and it’s going to grow under the present tax rates. It’s growing at— I’ve got a table here that shows the tax rates all back to, back to when I started in business. It’s grown when tax rates were in the 30s on capital gains. It’s grown when tax rates were 80 percent on ordinary— it’s grown under— we have a wonderful market system that works. And so we will have a growing pie. But a growing pie isn’t going to solve a deficit that’s 9 percent or 8 percent of GDP. It never has and it never will. We— fortunately, the fact that we have a growing pie does mean that we can have like a 2 point or 2 1/2 point gap between revenues and expenditures and have a sustainable economic picture. So, you know, the goal, and it should be taken up promptly, is to get the gap between expenditures and revenues down to a 2 to 3 point gap. That’s totally sustainable, growth will work out fine, the economy will grow. Debt, as a percentage of GDP, will not grow if we get into that range. And almost everybody realizes that and almost everybody says some of it has to come from expenditures, some of it has to come from revenues. And then they get to the specifics. And the real problem, of course, the biggest problem you have, probably, because I’ve talked to Republicans and Democrats on this, they agree on that. But they all want the other guy to go first. The Republicans want the Democrats to go first on expenditures, and the Democrats want the Republicans to go first on revenues. And they just feel there’s a tactical advantage in the other guy going first, then they can shoot at his stuff and say how terrible it is. And so now we’ve gone into this dance where nobody’ll get on the dance floor.
BUFFETT:对。嗯,这个蛋糕会继续变大,而且在现有税率之下它也会继续变大。它一直都在增长——我这里有一张表,把税率一路列回去,列到我刚开始做生意的时候。资本利得税率在 30% 多的时候,经济在增长;普通所得税率在 80% 的时候,经济也在增长——它一直都在增长——因为我们有一套运转良好的市场体系。所以,这个蛋糕会继续变大。但蛋糕变大并不能解决一个相当于 GDP 8% 或 9% 的赤字问题。过去没有解决过,将来也不会解决。我们——幸运的是,蛋糕会继续变大这一点,确实意味着我们可以容忍收入和支出之间大约 2 个点到 2.5 个点的缺口,同时仍然维持一个可持续的经济格局。所以,你知道,我们的目标,而且应该尽快着手去做的,就是把支出与收入之间的缺口压缩到 2 到 3 个百分点。那样就是完全可持续的,增长会运转良好,经济也会继续增长。如果我们把缺口控制在那个区间,债务占 GDP 的比重就不会继续上升。几乎所有人都明白这一点,几乎所有人也都会说,这里面有一部分必须来自削减支出,也有一部分必须来自增加收入。然后问题就落到了具体细节上。而真正的问题,当然,也是你们面临的最大问题,大概就在这里——因为我和 Republicans、Democrats 都谈过这件事,他们在这一点上其实是有共识的。但他们都希望对方先走第一步。Republicans 希望 Democrats 先在支出上让步,而 Democrats 希望 Republicans 先在收入上让步。他们都觉得让对方先出牌,会有一种战术上的优势,这样他们就可以攻击对方提出的方案,说那有多糟糕。于是现在我们就跳进了这样一支舞:谁都不肯先走上舞池。

BECKY: Joe.
BECKY:Joe。

JOE: Yeah, Warren, you’ve seen the figures if you let all the Bush tax cuts expire, which they’re going to do anyway. If you don’t do anything about that, I don’t know how much of the deficit it solves, but it’s a large part.
JOE:对,Warren,你也看过那些数据。如果把所有 Bush tax cuts 都让它到期失效——反正它们本来也会失效——如果对此什么都不做,我不知道这能解决赤字中的多少,但肯定是一大块。

BUFFETT: Large part.
BUFFETT:是一大块。

JOE: A large part of that. You don’t see that coming from Democrats. They only want to do it on 200 to 250 or whatever it is, which solves very little. Would you by— I mean, is that the best thing to do, to let it, let all of the Bush tax cuts expire or would that add to the income disparity or the fair— would that hurt on the fairness debate that no one under 200 or 250 should shoulder any of the, of the deficit cutting, or does it make sense to just let it go back to the Clinton years for everyone?
JOE:那是相当大的一部分。但你看不到 Democrats 真想那么做。他们只想在 20 万、25 万,或者差不多那个收入水平以上的人身上动刀,而这其实解决不了多少问题。你会不会——我的意思是,最好的做法是不是干脆让所有 Bush tax cuts 都到期失效?还是说,那样会加剧收入差距,或者会在“公平性”这场辩论里带来问题——也就是说,收入低于 20 万或 25 万的人不应该承担任何削减赤字的负担?还是说,干脆让所有人的税制都回到 Clinton 年代那样,才更合理?

BUFFETT: I think if we hired 535 people to run the government and to represent us and that they should not in effect act on a default basis and just say, `Well, we’ll just let everything lapse back to where it was.′ They would proactively say, `What is the best way to get revenues up to 18 1/2 or 19 percent and what’s the best way to get expenditures down to 20 1/2 or thereabouts percent? And let’s do it now.′ And, you know, this bit about, well, we can’t do anything because it’s an election year, well, you know, if they’re not going to do anything because it’s an election year, why are we paying them? They can all go home if it’s an election year. We’ll just pay them three years out of four if you’re only going to work three years out of four. So we’ve got, you know, we’ve got a major, major problem, and the idea of putting it on some default setting, you know, it’s crazy. I can put it on default setting without hiring 535 guys. So, no, I wouldn’t— I would approach it and say, look it, we’ve got serious propositions out there, we’ve got Simpson-Bowles, you know. Come up with something and get it for a vote. And if the people want to vote it— Congress wants to vote it down, that’s one thing. But just to sit there and say, `Well, we’re paralyzed because it’s an election year’ and then let things drift along till the end of the year when, as you point out, all the stuff expires and the sequester kicks in and, you know, and the payroll tax holiday ends and all of that, I think, I think that’s a crazy way to run a government.
BUFFETT:我认为,如果我们雇了 535 个人来治理这个国家、来代表我们,那他们实际上就不应该按一种“默认设置”来行事,然后只是说一句:‘好吧,那我们就让一切自动回退到原来的状态。’他们应该主动地说:‘把财政收入提高到 18.5% 或 19% 的最佳方式是什么?把财政支出压低到大约 20.5% 左右的最佳方式又是什么?而且我们现在就来做。’还有,你知道,这种“嗯,因为今年是选举年,所以我们什么都做不了”的说法——嗯,你知道,如果他们因为是选举年就什么都不干,那我们为什么还要给他们发工资?如果是选举年,他们干脆全都回家好了。如果你们四年里只打算工作三年,那我们就只给你们发四分之三任期的工资。所以我们现在面对的是一个非常、非常重大的问题,而把它交给某种默认机制去处理,你知道,这太荒唐了。就算不雇这 535 个人,我自己也能把事情设成默认模式。所以,不,我不会——我会换一种方式来处理,我会说,你看,我们手上已经有一些严肃认真的方案了,比如 Simpson-Bowles,你知道。那就拿出点东西来,然后交付表决。如果大家想投票——如果 Congress 想把它否决掉,那是一回事。但就这么坐在那里,说一句:‘嗯,因为今年是选举年,所以我们瘫痪了’,然后任由事情一路漂到年底。到那时,正如你指出的,所有这些东西都会到期,sequester 会自动启动,payroll tax holiday 也会结束,所有这些统统一起发生——我认为,我认为这是一种疯狂的政府治理方式。

BECKY: Warren, you bring up the idea of Simpson-Bowles and, interestingly enough, you’re quoted on the front page of The New York Times today in this story about Simpson-Bowles. The Times puts forth this idea that President Obama has actually taken, in their words, huge chunks of this. Let me find where it says, “Mr. Obama has come to adopt most of the major tenets supported by a majority of the commission’s members, though his proposals do not go as far.” They say that he has quietly put forward Simpson-Bowles. Would you agree with that?
BECKY:Warren,你提到了 Simpson-Bowles,而且很有意思的是,你今天还因为这件事登上了《The New York Times》的头版。时报在报道里提出这样一个看法:President Obama 实际上已经采纳了其中很大一部分内容——这是他们的原话。让我找一下那句原文:“Mr. Obama has come to adopt most of the major tenets supported by a majority of the commission’s members, though his proposals do not go as far.” 他们的意思是,他其实已经悄悄地把 Simpson-Bowles 的大部分内容提了出来。你同意这种说法吗?

BUFFETT: Well, I haven’t read the article and I— but I would say this. Alan Simpson and Erskine Bowles, both of whom I know, I mean, they are high grade people. One’s a Republican and one’s a Democrat. They disagree on some things. You won’t find people of greater integrity. They are smart, they worked, I don’t know, for 10 or 11 months. They compromised. They got people with as diverse viewpoints as Tom Coburn of Oklahoma, who’s a very high grade guy but has differing views than Dick Durbin, who’s also a high grade guy from Illinois. And they got them to sign on. Now, having put that effort forth, they came up with a plan. I would like to see that plan voted on. I mean, what was, what was the reason for sending them out, you know, to beat each other’s heads for 10, 11 months. They got 11 out of 18 signatures. I understand that Simpson and Bowles are actually taking their recommendations and crafting it into a legislative bill. I heard that a month ago. I don’t know whether for sure that that’s true. I would hope that that bill just gets presented. Bring it up next month. Let’s see how Congress feels about it. If they don’t like it, they can come up with something different. But conscientious, smart, decent people worked for months to come up with something. They were— they were chartered to do it, and I think— I think Congress owes them a vote on that. And I would— I would love to see that put up. And I would say this, I would say that if I wrote a letter to the CEOs of the Fortune 500 companies and said, `Do you want to vote on this now?′ I think it would be almost unanimous. I think it would be the same with labor leaders and church leaders, and you name it, up and down the line. That doesn’t mean they all agree with it. But the question is, do you think it’s better than what we’re doing now? I mean, is it an appropriate response to a problem we all recognize we have?
BUFFETT:嗯,我还没读那篇文章,我——不过我会这么说。Alan Simpson 和 Erskine Bowles 这两个人我都认识,我的意思是,他们都是非常高等级的人。一个是 Republican,一个是 Democrat。他们在一些问题上当然有分歧。但你找不到比他们更有操守的人了。他们很聪明,而且辛苦工作了,我不知道,大概有 10 个月还是 11 个月。他们做了妥协。他们甚至让像 Oklahoma 的 Tom Coburn 这样观点差异极大的人签了字——Tom Coburn 是个非常高等级的人,但他的看法和 Illinois 的 Dick Durbin 明显不同,而 Dick Durbin 同样也是非常高等级的人。他们让这些人都签了字。现在,在付出了这么多努力之后,他们拿出了一套方案。我希望看到这套方案被正式表决。我的意思是,当初把他们派出去,让他们在那里“互相撞脑袋”撞了 10、11 个月,目的到底是什么?他们拿到了 18 个人中的 11 个签名。我听说 Simpson 和 Bowles 实际上正在把他们的建议整理成一份正式的立法法案。一个月前我听到这个消息。我不知道这件事是否百分之百属实。但我希望那份法案就直接被摆上桌面。下个月就拿出来吧。让我们看看 Congress 对它是什么态度。如果他们不喜欢,那他们完全可以拿出别的方案。但一群尽责、聪明、正派的人,花了几个月时间才拿出了一套东西。他们——他们本来就是被授权来做这件事的,而我认为——我认为 Congress 至少欠他们一次表决。我会——我会非常希望看到这件事被摆出来投票。我还想说一点:如果我给 Fortune 500 公司的 CEOs 写一封信,问他们一句:‘你们是否希望现在就对这件事表决?’我觉得答案几乎会是一致的。我觉得 labor leaders、church leaders 也是一样,你能想到的各类人都会如此,上上下下都差不多。当然,这并不意味着他们所有人都同意这套方案。但问题在于,你是否认为它比我们现在正在做的事情更好?我的意思是,面对一个我们都承认存在的问题,这是不是一个合适的回应?

BECKY: And I guess the point being you can’t cherry pick the items you like from that and start breaking apart the plan?
BECKY:那么你的意思是不是说,你不能只挑里面自己喜欢的部分,然后把整个方案拆开?

BUFFETT: Once you start cherry picking, the whole thing disintegrates. Then K Street comes out, you know, in full force, money pours in, you know, supporting this little thing that helps this person or that person. In the end, we’re going to have a code that everybody— you, I, you know, everybody, your all— all your listeners— they’re not going to like some part of it. But I can guarantee you they don’t like some part of this. And this— and this particular code is leading us down a path that’s unsustainable. So why not have a code we don’t like that at least is sustainable as opposed to one that’s unsustainable?
BUFFETT:一旦你开始挑三拣四,整个东西就会瓦解。然后 K Street 的人就会全体出动,你知道,资金会大量涌入,去支持那些只对这个人或那个人有利的小条款。到最后,我们总会有一套规则,而这套规则里每个人——你、我、你知道,所有人、你所有——所有听众——总会有某个部分不喜欢它。但我可以向你保证,他们现在这套规则里也有某些部分是不喜欢的。而这一——而眼下这套规则,正把我们带上一条不可持续的道路。所以,为什么不接受一套我们未必喜欢、但至少可持续的规则,而要继续维持一套不可持续的规则呢?

BECKY: Right. Andrew.
BECKY:对。Andrew。

ANDREW: Warren, there’s an op-ed in today’s Wall Street Journal by Rick Santorum laying out his economic agenda, and he proposes some new tax rates and policies on corporate taxes. He’s halving them down to 17 1/2 percent. And on personal, he’s doing just two brackets, 10 percent and 28 percent. I’m curious, beyond just the Simpson-Bowles debate, what do you think the right numbers are? What are the right brackets and what is probably the highest— what do you think from a competitive perspective on a corporate basis the highest rate should be?
ANDREW:Warren,今天的《Wall Street Journal》上有一篇 Rick Santorum 写的评论文章,阐述了他的经济政策议程,其中提出了一些新的税率以及公司税政策。他打算把公司税率减半,降到 17.5%。而在个人所得税方面,他只设两个税档,分别是 10% 和 28%。我很好奇,撇开 Simpson-Bowles 这场争论不谈,你认为什么样的数字才是合适的?什么样的税档才是合理的?另外,从企业竞争力的角度看,你觉得公司税率最高大概应该是多少?

BUFFETT: Well, the rate— what the rate should be is— are rates that bring in about 18 1/2 or so percent of GDP as revenue. Now, we’ve had rates like that throughout most of the post-World War II period. You know, we’ve managed to pull that off. It’s not impossible at all. And then we just knocked the heck out of rates, you know, roughly 10 years ago or a little less. So the interesting thing about the corporate rate is the corporate profits as a percentage of GDP last year were the highest or just about the highest in the last 50 years. They were 10 and a fraction percent of GDP. That’s higher than we’ve seen in 50 years. The taxes as a percent— corporate taxes as a percentage of GDP were 1.2 percent, 180 billion. That’s just about the lowest we’ve seen. So our corporate tax rate last year effectively, in terms of taxes paid for the United States, was around 12 percent, which is well below those existing in most of the industrial— industrialized countries around the world. So it is a myth that the American corporations are paying 35 percent or anything like it. Incidentally, you know, it— 1.2 percent of GDP or 12 or so percent, 12 or 13 percent of corporate profits actually paid, you know, that is— that’s a rate far, far, far below what we’ve seen in the United States. I’ve got a chart here that— can you put that up?
BUFFETT:嗯,税率——所谓合适的税率——应当是那种能够带来大约占 GDP 18.5% 左右财政收入的税率。我们在二战后的大部分时期,其实都曾经拥有过类似水平的税率。你知道,我们一直都能做到,这根本不是不可能的事。然后,大约在 10 年前,或者稍短一点的时候,我们把税率大幅砍了下来。说到公司税率,有一点很有意思:去年企业利润占 GDP 的比重,达到了过去 50 年里最高、或者接近最高的水平。它大概占 GDP 的 10% 多一点,这是 50 年来都没见过的高位。而另一方面,企业税收占 GDP 的比重只有 1.2%,也就是 1800 亿美元左右,这几乎是我们见过的最低水平。所以,从美国企业实际缴税的结果来看,去年美国企业的实际公司税率大概只有 12% 左右,这远低于世界上大多数工业化国家的相应水平。因此,说美国企业真的在缴 35% 的税,或者类似那么高的税率,这是一种神话。顺便说一句,无论是占 GDP 的 1.2%,还是企业利润中实际缴纳的大约 12% 到 13%,这个税负水平都远远、远远、远远低于美国历史上常见的水平。我这里正好有一张图表——你们能把它放出来吗?

BECKY: There’s a chart that we gave you guys.
BECKY:我们之前给过你们一张图表。

BUFFETT: OK, yeah.
BUFFETT:好,对。

BECKY: It’s— I think it’s E1. It’s the one you took a still shot of earlier Paul.
BECKY:我想应该是 E1。就是 Paul 你们刚才早些时候拍过静态画面的那一张。

BUFFETT: It...
BUFFETT:它……

BECKY: Yeah, here it is.
BECKY:对,就是这张。

BUFFETT: Yeah. Here’s...
BUFFETT:对,这里……

BECKY: OK, it’s on the screen.
BECKY:好,现在已经在屏幕上了。

BUFFETT: Yeah. Here’s the— here’s what’s happened over the last 60 years. As percentage of GDP. That top blue line is individual income taxes. And you’ll notice that they’ve bounced around but been fairly steady. The yellow line that’s accelerated is payroll taxes. Payroll taxes have gone from a very small percentage of GDP up dramatically. At the same time, that red line is corporate taxes as a percentage of GDP, which were over 5 percent, if you go back a long period, and 4 percent, and now, like I say, they were 1.2 percent last year. So corporate taxes are not strangling American competitors.

JOE: But, Warren...

BECKY: Warren, is that because people were able to write off— go ahead. Go ahead, Joe.

JOE: You can— yeah, you can see that the finance— that last drop-off right there...

BECKY: Right.

JOE: ...is the financial crisis. If it were to go back...

BUFFETT: Well...

JOE: I mean, right?

BUFFETT: No, but if you take 2011, 2011, corporate profits were a record. And...

JOE: But for example— you know, for example, GE, which, you know, is the poster child because, you know, people can conflate what GE did.

BUFFETT: Yeah.

JOE: They had, you know, they paid taxes abroad, and they had a lot of tax loss carried forwards, or, you know, from GE Capital and the losses in 2008 and 2009, it reduced the tax bill in those subsequent years, 2010 and ’11. So if you were to normalize it on that chart, you normalize it without the financial crisis, it gets back to 4, 5 percent. I mean, using 1.9 per...

BUFFETT: Oh, no, no, no.

JOE: Where does it get back to?

BUFFETT: It doesn’t get...

JOE: What does it get back to?

BUFFETT: Well, again, I mean, well, all I can do— you can normalize it all you want but you can go back to 1980 and you haven’t had a figure, you know, much above— you’ve had three a couple times. So you’ve got all these numbers of 2 and 1 1/2. It does not average anything like 4. When I was in the golden years of American business, and it was pretty good for investing, too, the corporate tax rate was 52 percent in the United States and people paid it. Our tax rate at Berkshire, we didn’t have any loss/carry forwards or anything, we didn’t have that much foreign income. But our tax rate in terms of taxes paid last year, it was a little higher than the national average. But because of 100 percent write-offs and various other things, our tax rate came down, we paid $2 billion. We paid more than 1 percent of all the corporate taxes in the United States. But our tax rate on US income, you know, got down to taxes paid, got down to 15 or 16 percent. We’re still above average.

BECKY: Warren, there are plenty of companies, though, especially small businesses, who we hear from all the time that are paying much higher rates. The way the tax code is set up right now, they are the ones who get saddled with paying these exorbitantly high rates.

BUFFETT: If they’re— yeah, well, they can be paying— if they’re S corporations and they make a fair amount of money, they will be paying it at 35 percent. Now, they may be getting accelerated appreciation, 100 percent depreciation on things, too. I mean, if they’re buying any kind of fixed assets, they really aren’t paying at that rate.

BECKY: But if you’re somebody who is self-employed and maybe you have a couple of employees working for you, you are in an incredibly difficult position to try and find any loopholes that work for you.

BUFFETT: People making small amounts of money are at a huge disadvantage to people making large amounts of money under our present tax system.

BECKY: Because not only that, they pay their own Social— their own payroll taxes, too.

BUFFETT: They pay payroll.

BECKY: They have to pay 30 plus percent.

BUFFETT: No, no, they— the system— all you got to do is look at, you know, that payroll tax has moved up dramatically and that is not paid by the super rich. My payroll tax, you know, last year was, I guess in 2011 would have been $13,300. It was nothing in relation to my tax liability.

JOE: Warren, as the world gets more competitive, could you argue that maybe— I mean, maybe you don’t even think that that’s— that that’s a fact, that the world’s gotten more competitive, but, you know, as we have to compete more with China and a lot of emerging economies with their cheap labor, I mean, there are probably some people would say that we need to— you know, that it’s not 1930 or 1940 or 1950 anymore and that, you know, we want our corporations to be the best in the world and the leanest and the quickest to move, and, you know, there could be an argument. I mean, I’ve seen people argue that corporations shouldn’t pay any taxes because their shareholders pay taxes, their employees pay taxes. I mean, do you just dismiss that out of hand or?

BUFFETT: Well, like I say, it was 1.2 percent of GDP.

JOE: Right.

BUFFETT: And, incidentally, I mean, the place— the place where we are— the very high cost compared to the rest of the world is CEO pay. Our CEO pay is considerably higher than if you look around the rest of the world.

JOE: Right.

BUFFETT: Nobody ever mentions that in terms of competitiveness. The— you know, we are exporting as a percentage of GDP twice as much as we were back in 1970. Our goods and services have— we’ve really had a lot of export success. And the other side of it is we like to import a lot, and of course we’ve been able to print money, which lets us import. So we exchange little pieces of paper for goods from around the world, and that’s a lot of fun.

BECKY: You know, Warren, if you don’t mind, we’re going to slip in a quick break here. But when we come back, we have much more to come from Omaha. Stick around, a special edition of SQUAWK BOX right after this break.

JOE: Let’s get to Becky who is in Omaha this morning. She’s with Berkshire Hathaway chairman and CEO Warren Buffett.

Becky, I was — I don’t know — leading into the last break, I was thinking about, I don’t know whether you saw Barron’s, there was a Jeremy Grantham piece that was very troubling to me and I wanted to just at some point ask Warren about...

BECKY: Why don’t you ask him now?

JOE: Yeah. OK. Warren, his basic thrust was that our middle class has been getting more and more decimated over the years as a lot of the cheap labor is found in the rest of the world where obviously the standard of living is not as high and it’s just been a natural progression to send a lot of the jobs overseas. As a result, the middle class has had to borrow to fund a lifestyle and that’s one of the reasons that the consumer is so strapped at this point. And it’s a very negative piece where basically looking for another seven years or so of sub-par growth because of this and I don’t know what the answer is. I think he — re-education or more to try to become up to, you know, more competitive or at least better than the rest of the world at doing things for our labor force. Do you have an answer for that?

BUFFETT: Yeah, the answer is, you know, our market system has worked well for 200-plus years. It’s working well now in all areas except home construction, those related to home construction. You know, we’re sitting here where the market has doubled from three years ago when we were sitting here. This country is remarkable. I mean, you have — you have people at our own company, you’ve got Tony Nicely at GEICO trying to figure out how to — how to serve customers better tomorrow, how to bring down costs. You’ve got Matt Rose trying to plan for the future of railroads in Fort Worth today and tomorrow. You’ve got people at Apple trying to come up with new products that you and I haven’t thought of yet. America — American capitalism is dynamic, so anytime you look at it on a static basis, you can get very pessimistic.

And while I got out of school in 1951, the two people I revered most in the world, my dad and Ben Graham, told me it was a bad time to start in business, you know. It — you can sit down at the start of every year and write down 10 or 20 reasons why it’s, you know, things are terrible. But the truth is, this economy works wonderfully. It’s working wonderfully now. I mean, it isn’t working for everybody at this moment and it’s coming back from a terrible shock that it received in the fall of 2008. But look how far it’s come back and it continues to come back every day. It’s been doing it now since the fall of 2009. So it’s, you know, it is — it is a terrible mistake to get pessimistic on America. You know, it has not worked since 1776 and it’s not going to start working now.

BECKY: Warren, we touched on this in the last hour, but just the idea, you bring up that the stock market has doubled over the last three years when we’ve been sitting here and again, there are many people who now worry that the best and easiest gains are over. You said yourself in the last hour that it’s not springtime anymore.

BUFFETT: No.

BECKY: Does that change what people — the way that people should be looking at the stock market as a potential investment?

BUFFETT: They should be looking at the funds they’re going to save. I mean, that’s the — those are the only funds you save that you invest with, and figure out what’s the best thing to do with them. And they can buy farmland, they can buy apartment houses, they can buy duplexes, they can buy businesses, they can buy businesses through stocks, they can buy rare stamps, they can buy gold or they can stick it in money market accounts and all. They’ve always got all those options. And I’ve written a section in the annual report why I think that businesses are the best option. Now the nice thing about businesses is in this country is you can buy into all the best businesses in the United States, virtually. You can buy a piece of them and you don’t have to buy, you know, if you don’t understand company XYZ, you can buy company ABC. And naturally, it would be like — nicer to buy them at the prices of three years ago.

BECKY: Mm-hmm.

BUFFETT: But you know, they are attractive relative to other assets. That doesn’t mean they’re going to go up, but I will guarantee you that over a 20 or 30 year period, they’re going to perform very well. And as I mentioned a little earlier, actually single family houses bought on a distressed basis now and financed over a long term at these interest rates may be the best investment of all. I mean, if I knew anything about real estate and I just was working with a relatively small amount of money and I was seeing distressed houses around me that I could rent out, I would buy them and put on an 80 — a 4 percent mortgage for 30 years and you know, I — three or four or five years, I’d probably sell it at a very substantial profit relative to my equity.

BECKY: Mm-hmm. OK. You know, Warren, we left off in the last break talking about taxes and your role in this tax debate has become very central and very polarizing. And just the last week Governor Chris Christie of New Jersey weighed in on this and weighed in on what you’ve been saying. Take a listen to what he had to say.

PIERS MORGAN, CNN (On tape): Warren Buffett keeps screaming to be taxed more.

Governor CHRIS CHRISTIE (R-New Jersey): Yeah. Well, he should just write a check and shut up. Really, and just contribute, OK? I mean, you know, the fact of the matter is that I’m tired of hearing about it. If he wants to give the government more money, he’s got the ability to write a check. Go ahead and write it.

BECKY: He’s not the only person who feels that way.

BUFFETT: Yeah.

BECKY: We’ve got a lot of viewer email that came in. We’ve been sitting down and doing this ask Warren session here for I guess the last four years or so.

BUFFETT: Mm-hmm. Yeah.

BECKY: And this year more than any year there were a lot of emails that came in that similarly echoed what Chris Christie had to say. What...

BUFFETT: Well, I hope they were a little more eloquent than that. But you know, it’s sort of a touching response to a $1.2 trillion deficit, isn’t it, that somehow the American people will just all send in checks and take care of it. That was first come up with — first fellow to come up with that was Senator McConnell and I really — I — it’s sort of astounding to me that somebody that has the responsibility for being the minority leader in the Senate would think that you attack a $1.2 trillion or so deficit by asking for voluntary contributions. Since he did, I offered to triple his, but that’s a — that’s a side show. The real problem we have is we’re taking in too little money and we’re spending too much and that’s not going to be solved by voluntary contributions. What we need is a policy, a tax policy. And to give you an idea of how extreme it is, just take a look, take a look at what I’ve labeled A1. And you can — you can find this on the Internet. And the figures I’ve circled, the 1992 showed that the 400 largest incomes in the United States that year, adjusted gross incomes, were 18 billion. Now that’s about $45 million a person. And if you go down to 2008, it’s 108 million. That’s 270 million a person. So from 1992, the 400 top incomes went from 45 million to 270 million, which is not bad, I think. Now if you go over to A2...

BECKY: Mm-hmm.

BUFFETT: ...you will see that during the same period, those top 400 saw their tax rates drop from 26.3 percent to 18.1 percent.

BECKY: Right.

BUFFETT: At the same time that was happening. But what’s even more startling is if you go to A3 and you will see that in 1992, six people among those 400 paid at a rate that was less than 10 percent. That’s just two-thirds of what the average person pays on payroll taxes. And that six went up to 30 over that period. And the number paying from 10 to 15 went from 10 to 101. So 131 of the 400 largest incomes averaging $270 million each, 131 out of 400 were paying at a 15 percent rate or below. And that — the payroll tax for people making less than 100,000 up until this year was 15.3 percent, they were paying. So solving that problem — solving the problem of me paying the low tax rate I pay is not going to solve the fiscal problems of the United States, but to ask other people to be making sacrifices during this period and we’re going to ask them to make sacrifices, we’re going to ask them to make it on the revenue side and on the expenditure side, and to leave this group alone is a travesty.

BECKY: So to Joe’s point, you can’t fix the deficit by just going after...

BUFFETT: No. You can’t — you can’t fix the deficit by going after any one expenditure or any one revenue item. And you certainly can’t fix it by asking for voluntary contributions.

BECKY: So this is something that you think for the optics of the situation or just for the appearance of fairness, the president says all the time.

BUFFETT: I think it should be incorporated into a revision of — which is going to have to happen on both the revenue side and the expenditure side. But I certainly think it’s important to incorporate this into a revision. And I think this is something that can be done immediately.

BECKY: Mm-hmm.

BUFFETT: I mean, a minimum tax on people — there’s 131 people that filed those returns that showed 15 percent of less and my cleaning lady, Mary, you know, has a payroll tax of 15 percent.

BECKY: Joe:

JOE: But — yeah, but what — I just don’t know why — I don’t know why you harp on it so much, though, Warren, when you know that it’s 1 percent — it’s not going to do any — it’s not going to solve anything. Maybe we need to fix it for the optics of the situation, but what — I guess, the real — the real question is what do we do with dividend income and capital gains income?

BECKY: Mm-hmm.

JOE: Because it — let’s say that you work your entire life paying ordinary income and you’re not a — let’s say you’re not getting carried interest. Let’s say you pay — under your normal situation, you’re paying ordinary income at 30 or 35 percent. And you — and you do very well and you’re very successful. And at that point in your life, you’re 60 years old, 65 years old, you invest in dividend-paying stocks and you have capital gains, which lowers your taxes to that rate. You’ve paid taxes once already. I mean, there — we need to decide what the correct rate for capital formation is for long-term gains and for dividend income. It just seems — I don’t know, just to keep bringing it up as a — as a red — look at this, look at this, it’s not fair, it’s not fair. When you know it has to do with long-term gains and dividend income. Let’s do something, let’s find the right rates for dividend income and long-term gains and stop pointing fingers at these people.

BUFFETT: One point — I don’t think I’ve named an individual.

JOE: No, you haven’t. But it’s a matter of public record, you’ve only got to look up 130 of them.

BUFFETT: Well, no, but the real question is this a tax code the United States should be proud of that produces these results?

JOE: I don’t know whether we should be...

BUFFETT: (Unintelligible)...500...

JOE: But now that we’re back to emotion again, we’re proud, we’re not fair, we’re not this. We’ve got a huge problem and this doesn’t — this won’t scratch the surface of the problem. And carried interest?

BUFFETT: Oh, well, I was...

JOE: Carried interest, you need to do — you need to do something with carried interest as well.

BUFFETT: I would say...

JOE: And maybe if there’s an optical — if there’s that optics there. But the real problem and the reason Simpson-Bowles is so hard is that most people don’t want their entitlements to be touched, for Medicare or for Social Security and that’s going to be the hardest thing that we — that we try to do in dealing with the deficit, not taxing 131 people that makes you feel better about yourself.

BUFFETT: Well, no, the numbers here, though, just think about it a second, Joe. The numbers here probably come to 40 billion. Now that doesn’t — that may not sound like a lot of money to you, but 40 billion is 2,000 — is almost $2,000 a piece for 20 million families.

JOE: You — I know.

BUFFETT: If you take — if you take the bottom 20 percent in the United States, there’s 20 — almost 24 million households, households, and their top income is $21,000, now if you — to those people, 40 billion divided by their 20-some million is real money, it’s 1,000 or $2,000. But I don’t — I don’t argue with you. It’s going to be tough to take away promises we’ve made. We — we’re a rich family that’s overpromised. But to not start at the top. I mean, this is something we can do something about right now and it is not an...

JOE: But how do we do it, Warren?

BUFFETT: It’s not an...

JOE: Shouldn’t we try to try to figure out what the...

BUFFETT: (Unintelligible)

JOE: ...what the best rate for the most competitive and the rate that brings everyone the most benefit in dividends and capital? We’ve got to have that discussion. Isn’t that more important?

BUFFETT: Well...

JOE: Because that’s how these — that’s how these people are — to just like put a, what do you, like a surtax or something, that — or we can do that. I’ve asked you why can’t we just tax you at 10 percent of your wealth and that didn’t go over very well. If you had a 10 percent of all this wealth would bring in quite a bit of money, too. We’d get — I figure we get about 5 billion from you alone, right?

BUFFETT: Yeah, that’s true and actually, you know, it’s been — wealth tax is tough to enforce. I mean, very hard to say what, you know, what every farm is worth or you know, every business, private business is worth. I don’t — I don’t particularly favor a wealth tax, but I would not — I would have no objection to it. I mean, if 10 percent of my wealth and 10 percent of everybody’s wealth went to the government, I don’t think that’s the best system, but...

JOE: What should we do with capital gains? What do you think — you think is 30 percent OK? What about dividends? They’re actually taxed the first time when a company is in its operation — I guess you say it’s taxed to 1.2 percent anyway for corporations, but they do pay taxes once. What should the dividend rate be? I mean, you must have an idea where capital gains and dividends should be right now. Tax rates.

BUFFETT: Well, OK. Incidentally, that point about double taxation has been made, but I just thought it would be fun to take a look at my own situation because it — if you go back to — I did — I made these calculations in the office three times where my rate was about half or everybody’s rate. If you go back to 2004, if you put up what would be that number on that, if you put up — well...

BECKY: Warren, let me ask you.

BUFFETT: Yeah.

BECKY: What do you think about dividends? Is there a rate that is acceptable? If they went to 25 percent, if they went to 30 percent?

BUFFETT: Well, the best period we had in our — in post-war history, in the ’50s and ’60s.

BECKY: Mm-hmm.

BUFFETT: And in the ’50s and ’60s the tax rate generally on capital gains was 25 percent.

BECKY: Mm-hmm.

BUFFETT: And the tax rate on ordinary income got up to 80 percent or thereabouts. And our country prospered very substantially. I mean, the stock market did well, investors did well, the economy did well. So that was — that was a rate that worked very well. Corporate tax rates then were 52 percent.

BECKY: Should...

BUFFETT: And people paid them, incidentally.

BECKY: Should capital gains and dividends be the same rate as ordinary income?

BUFFETT: That depends on what the ordinary income rates are. I mean, you’ll — you can go that either way. I — that’s what they were in 1986. I mean, that was — under Reagan we went to 28 percent on everything. I don’t have any problem with that. I think that they’re — I think that says every tax system is going to get criticized. I would not have a problem with a 28 percent rate. There would be a lower rate on people with lower incomes, but so it would still be a graduated rate.

BECKY: Mm-hmm.

BUFFETT: The but idea of taxing capital gains and dividends as — at the same rate, we’ve done that in 1986 and people thought it was a wonderful improvement on the tax code at that time.

BECKY: Mm-hmm. Joe, does that answer your question?

JOE: Yeah, I think now we’re at least — now we’re having the discussion, maybe that’s what we need to do. And then we need to just, you know, hear from certain people that just say, you know, for competitive reasons, you don’t want to raise taxes on the job creators, blah, blah. You’ve heard all this stuff before, but at least we can then have a...

BUFFETT: Sure.

JOE: We can have an actual discussion. Because that would take care of this whole issue that your secretary pays less than you in taxes. That wouldn’t happen if it — if you were — if your income was taxed at ordinary income rates. That wouldn’t happen if it — if you were — if your income was taxed at ordinary income rates. We’d be — we’d be finished with the discussion if it was 28 percent, Warren.

BUFFETT: Yeah, no, she wasn’t paying — well, you’ve got to integrate payroll taxes in there, too.

JOE: Well, I know, I know.

BUFFETT: But, yeah. But if you...

JOE: And you must — you must be — I mean...

BUFFETT: ...there’s no question — but it’s...

JOE: ...it would be nice if you could give her a little bit of a raise then we wouldn’t have to worry about it all the time. You could probably pay her a half a million a year, right? She does — I mean, she...

BUFFETT: Well, but...

JOE: ...dealing with you must be worth at least a half a million.

BUFFETT: Her tax rate — well, it is, there’s no question, she’s worth it. But her tax rate then would not — it would still be double mine. It doesn’t — that...

JOE: Well that’s because — that’s because yours is all on — that’s because yours is all dividend again. You don’t pay yourself any ordinary income. I wouldn’t pay myself anything if I were you, either, but I sure would like $60 billion.

BUFFETT: Yeah, well, 131 out of those 400 people came in at below 15 percent.

JOE: I know. But have they got dividend — OK, now we’re — now we’re going in circles. We’re back to — we got to do — we got to figure out how to do that. And then the carried interest thing, which is also — you know, when you say someone has worked a lifetime and then is enjoying the fruits of their lower tax rates, if you made your entire income from the carried interest then you got — you know, then you got to explain that away. That makes it tough. That optically is bad.

BUFFETT: Joe, no we — we had — we had this fellow, Todd Combs, he came to work for us last year. He was running a hedge fund before that. He made a lot of money from us last year because his performance was terrific. He did exactly what he was doing at the hedge fund before. He has people working for him. He came to work at the same time, read the same papers, and he got taxed at more than twice the rate that he would have if he’d done exactly the same activities at a hedge fund. Now that does not strike me a making any sense.

JOE: Wow, we are — this is — I’m getting — you know, I’m getting...

ANDREW: A lot of emails.

JOE: ...a lot of emails coming in to me personally from — I’ve heard of some of these people. Anyway, thanks, Warren. We’ll be back to talk more with the Oracle of Omaha, the chairman of Berkshire Hathaway, but right now data that could move the markets this week. We’ll tell you what you need to be watching. SQUAWK BOX will be right back.

BECKY: By the way, if you were listening to SQUAWK earlier this morning, you know that Warren Buffett is bullish on housing.

Warren, you talked about how this is maybe the best place to put your money, maybe even better than the stock market?

BUFFETT: Well, I think if you have a way to manage the single-family home — yeah, single-family homes are selling at very attractive prices in many places and the mortgage financing you can get is unbelievable.

BECKY: Right.

BUFFETT: It’s a great way to short the dollar.

BECKY: All right, we’re going to have a lot more on that conversation and much more. SQUAWK BOX back right after this quick break.

***

ANDREW: I don’t want to go there. Let’s get back to Warren Buffett and Becky, who’s in Omaha this mooning. I got a question if you’d indulge me, Warren. I’ve been doing a little bit of research while you’ve been talking. Now just about the tax rate, which you’ve talked about the tax rate — higher tax rate in the ’50s and ‘60s being 52 percent, but the effective tax rate during that period on the .01 percent, and there’s a study — I’ll send it to you — says the effective tax rate on a .01 percent back then was actually 71.4 percent in the 1960s and 74.6 percent in the 1970s. And my question is, would those rates fly today and what would the impact on the economy be. And I ask that in the context that in the ’50s and ’60s some people would argue — and we had a number of people emailing already — suggesting that the wind was at our backs, if you will when you think about the economy during that period.

BUFFETT: Well, I don’t think they — they probably wouldn’t fly today and I don’t think they necessarily need to fly today. What you really need to do is have tax rates that people pay. And, you know, as I point out people — I think people have generally thought that people with $270 million of average income were probably paying a rate that was equal to — it isn’t just the secretary in my office, it’s everybody in my office. I think they probably thought they were paying in the 30s or something like that till you actually look up the figures. And incidentally if you go back to 1992, almost all of them were. It’s just that the code has gotten to favor more and more the extremely wealthy and that’s why the wealthy have seen — they’ve seen their net worth — the net worth of the Forbes 400 since 1992 has gone from 300 billion to a trillion five, five for one. So it — you know, we have a system that has drifted toward favoring the ultra-rich and...

JOE: You know, Warren...

BUFFETT: ...you know, we — but I don’t — I don’t — I don’t think — I don’t think we ought to go back to 70 percent rates, no.

JOE: I keep getting — I keep getting this question. You own — you own roughly a third of Berkshire Hathaway. Why don’t you consider that the $2 billion that you pay — that Berkshire pays a certain tax bill, you own a third, so basically that income that Berkshire gets, the $2 billion, why don’t you consider that as something that — that would skew your tax rate a little bit higher. You include it in your net worth. Why don’t you include that $2 billion, your pro-rata share of Berkshire’s tax bill since you don’t pay yourself any ordinary income or minimal why don’t you consider that as part of your tax bill?

BUFFETT: Well, I’m going to give away every share, every single share of Berkshire I have so that really belongs to philanthropies. You can argue that philanthropies may be paying it...

JOE: Or paying 2 billion.

BUFFETT: ...but I just — I’ve heard the double taxation article — argument a lot and actually I have — I have Governor Romney’s tax returns here as well as my own tax returns. And it’s kind of interesting. Here is, for example, in 2004 I had 46 million of capital gains. And, Becky, you can put up the last page of that return and you’ll see on that return that millions and millions of dollars to capital gains and a few thousand of that was doubly taxed. I made a lot of that, millions and millions of dollars, from profits and Treasury inflation-protected bonds. There’s no double taxation there. I made some of it from real estate investment trusts. There’s no double taxation there.

Here are the same figures for 2006 when I had 40 million of capital gains and here’s the last page of my schedule D there. Every single one of those stocks in which I was making millions of dollars was a Korean stock. They didn’t pay a dime of United States federal income tax. So, and if you look at Governor Romney’s return you’ll see that he made substantial capital gains from companies where the companies themselves went public, but they in some cases pay no federal income tax and in other cases have paid very minor federal income taxes. So it is true there is some double taxation. There’s an enormous amount of double taxation though with my secretary. If she gets a salary of X and we won’t use her. We’ll just use anybody who gets a salary of $100,000. They are paying 13.3 this year, 15.3 in 2010. They’re paying 13.3 percent in payroll taxes and then that same income gets doubly taxes and gets taxed for income tax purposes. They get no deduction for their Social Security taxes in computing their federal income tax. So we have double taxation for tens and tens and tens and tens of millions of people who are making very small amounts of money.

BECKY: Warren, let me ask you this, though. By continuing to push this we did get a lot of questions, presumably from shareholders. One that came in was from David Evaul who said that having political positions are a part of public life. But for the life of me “I cannot understand why the CEO of a publicly traded company would antagonize roughly half of the political power in this country. Don’t you have a fiduciary responsibility to shareholders not to get into such a public and antagonistic debates, no matter what your political views might be? It seems even Democratic shareholders would prefer you move to the sidelines of the political debate.”

BUFFETT: No, I don’t think if you’re a CEO that you put your beliefs in a blind trust. I mean, I don’t think you give up your citizenship. We have 270,000 people who work for Berkshire. There’s not one of them that I’ve ever asked about their political views, or there’s not one of them that I’ve told in any way to refrain from expressing their beliefs whether they’re religious beliefs or political beliefs. And I think that — my cleaning lady, Mary, does not have voice. She doesn’t have a super PAC, she can’t spend $10 million trying to influence, you know, under free speech. I mean, free speech for her is something you can read about in the First Amendment. It doesn’t mean a thing. I do have some kind of ability to speak out and I think that if you have an ability to speak out and you see things that you think are wrong I think you ought to talk about them.

BECKY: Let me ask you how this has gotten played in the political debate, though. There’s another question that came in from Larry Polena in Cleveland, Ohio. Control room, it’s number 40. He says, “It seems like the president has expanded the tax increase proposal you had, yet is still attaching your name to it. I thought the proposal you made was much more narrow than what the president has talked about when he talks about the Buffett tax proposal. Can you explain the idea you originally had and how it is more narrow in scope in terms of the number of people affected than what the president’s talking about”?

We had a lot of people who said the 250,000 rate vs. the million.

BUFFETT: No. I never said 250. The Wall Street Journal sort of implied I said 250 in an editorial there, so I can see how people may have gotten that idea. But I have said above a million and I’ve said a minimum tax. And there are plenty of people that make over a million, over 5 million, over 10 million that pay normal tax rates. And I would not have — what I talk about would have no effect on them at all. It’s only the people who are paying very low tax rates like me, but like some of my friends and like those 131 out of 400 who had an average income of 270 million who are paying less than 15, those are the ones I’m talking about. So I would have a minimum tax above a million and perhaps a different level of minimum tax above 10 million. Now Senator Whitehouse of Rhode Island has introduced a bill that is largely along that line. But it is — it does not apply to people with 250, it does not apply to everybody that makes 100 million.

BECKY: And what’s your understanding of the president’s understanding of the Buffett rule?

BUFFETT: Well, there has not been a specific bill as I understand it. But Senator Whitehouse has a specific bill. And his bill phases it in at a 30 percent minimum tax, counting payroll taxes, starting at a million. Now it phases in so that if you make a million and one dollar you’re not worse off than if you made 999,000. But it — he has a bill that incorporates the principle I’ve talked about. It’s not exactly what I would have, but you know...

BECKY: Something along those lines.

BUFFETT: ...that’s always going to be the case.

BECKY: Although we get something like number 89, control room. This is a little bit tongue-in-cheek. But is there a tax you don’t like? This was a Twitter that came — a tweet that came through. “When did this start and you’re aware there’s another side of the balance sheet?” What do you say to people like that?

BUFFETT: I don’t like any tax. I’ve got my tax return here from when I was 13 and I paid $7 and I can tell you that I did not like paying the $7 at that time. The — no — but the reality is that we are going to have to raise 18.5 or 19 percent of GDP and revenues and I certainly think that the people who are very wealthy should do more than the people like my cleaning lady. And I’m not going to like it. You know, when I sit down and write the check for whatever it may be I’m not going to like it. But I also like this country and I think that what this country offers is wonderful and I think a very rich country should take care of the people that get the short straws in life. So I believe in things like Social Security, which is paid for by taxes. I believe in a good public school system, which is paid for by taxes. Even people who have no children, I think, should be paying, particularly if they’re well to do, I think they should be paying for the — for a good school system for society as a whole. I believe in good medical systems. So, you know, that does not come free. And taxes are what we pay.

BECKY: There are a lot of people who are trying to figure out the economy, and we could talk more about this in a just a minute. But, overall, your view of the economy is that it continues to improve.

BUFFETT: The economy has been getting better since late summer of 2009. I said it was getting better then, and it’s been getting better. And we see it in all our — we have 70 plus businesses, and we’re seeing it in every place except those related to home construction.

BECKY: OK. Joe, we’re going to talk more about that in just a moment, but I figure this is a good time to kind of look at what the economy is seeing and what Mr. Buffett sees in the stock market and other arenas, too.

JOE: All right, sounds good, Beck. A lot more with Warren Buffett right after break.

Let’s check on the futures this morning. They’ve been trading lower most of the session, the market session, a little bit better than they were, down about 50 points.

Now making headlines, US economists seeing more reasons for optimism this year. A new survey from the National Association for Business Economics, that as forecasters have raised their expectations for employment. Also for new home construction and business spending this year. We’re going to have more headlines and some stocks to watch coming up in just a bit. SQUAWK BOX with three hours of Warren Buffett will be right back.

BECKY: Welcome back to SQUAWK BOX. We are live in Omaha this morning at the World Herald Freedom Center. This is the printing presses for the Omaha World Herald. We’re speaking to Warren Buffett, who’s the chairman and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway.

And, Warren, for people who are just tuning in, we should tell them we’re here because the Omaha World Herald is an acquisition that Berkshire Hathaway recently made. 

BUFFETT: Yeah. In December of last year, just a couple months ago, Berkshire bought the Omaha World Herald. I’ve been reading it since I was about six. I study these things a while before I write a check and, you know, it’s a terrific newspaper. I’ve read it every day, you know, throughout my lifetime, and it was employee-owned and there were some cash problems in terms of redemption of stock that was built into the system, so it become advisable to look for a new owner, and I’m glad they looked for me.

BECKY: Someone did write in and wanted to know if you had any say over the editorial content.

BUFFETT: Zero, zero. No, my guess is that next year that they will probably endorse somebody for president, and I’ll probably vote for the other guy. But who knows?

BECKY: OK. Let’s get back to the economy. We have talked an awful lot about how you see things going along. And in Berkshire’s 70 businesses or 70 some businesses, you have continued to see slow and steady gains. Is there a sign in any of those businesses yet that there really will be a turn in housing or is that just something your gut tells you at this point?

BUFFETT: It — if you look — if you really were looking for it you might find some little flicker someplace. But the important thing is if you take our five largest businesses, and they’re big.

BECKY: Yeah.

BUFFETT: They all — you know the aggregate earning are over $9 billion. And they’re basic businesses, you know, whether it’s a...

BECKY: Outside of insurance.

BUFFETT: Outside of insurance, every one of them set an earnings record last year. I think it’s pretty likely that every one of them sets an earnings record this year. I mean, these — you know, they earned over $9 billion pretax last year. So these are big businesses. And, you know, the people — we’re hiring in those businesses. People don’t have to worry about their jobs in those businesses. So it — the economy is coming back every place except home construction, and it will come back in home construction, I can guarantee you that. I just don’t know when.

BECKY: There’s an impression that businesses are not investing in the United States, and that’s something a lot of people have said. But you point out in your annual letter that Berkshire is spending a lot of money on capital expenditures, $8 1/2 billion in 2011?

BUFFETT: Yeah. We spend — we spend 8.2 billion in — which was an all-time record by — it broke our record by $2 billion. Ninety-five percent of that was in the United States. And that 8.2 billion we spent last year, we’ll break that record again this year, and it’ll almost all be spent in the United States. There are all kinds of opportunities in the United States. And we have the cash to take advantage of those opportunities, and American business has the cash to take advantage of the opportunities. There is — there’s not a shortage of investment funds in the United States in any way, shape or form, and there’s not a shortage of opportunities.

BECKY: Do you believe the recent jobs numbers that we’ve been getting a look at, that indicate that hiring is starting to pick up a little bit and the unemployment rate is starting to come down?

BUFFETT: Yeah. Hiring is picking up but — it’s picked up in our businesses unless they’re related to housing construction. I pointed out in the report our housing businesses are down from their peak of 58,000 people to 45,000 people. When housing comes back, we’ll be hiring at those five companies. But a lot of jobs that aren’t called construction jobs in the United States are tied to construction. So when we go down 8,000 people or so at our carpet business, those are not called construction jobs, but they’re related to construction. Same thing with insulation and other things.

BECKY: You know, Warren, we talked to the CEO of the Gallup organization, and he pointed out some things that they’ve seen in their weekly and monthly polls that they run. They’re constantly talking to people. His concern is that we will see the jobless rate or the unemployment rate pick back up to about 9 percent when we get the next monthly report for jobs. Would that surprise you?

BUFFETT: Well, it would surprise me. But what counts is over the next year, two years and three years. We’ve been coming back. I mean, we — you know, it was — it was September of 2008 when I was on CNBC. I called it an economic Pearl Harbor. I’d never used that term before. I mean, that — it isn’t that I come up with that all the time. I mean, we went through something that this country hasn’t seen before in the way of a financial panic. The country almost stopped. And that financial panic bled over into the general economy very quickly and very severely. And we’ve been coming back now for three years from that, and we continue to come back. But I will predict that our businesses will have more people working for them at the end of this year than at the start of the year.

BECKY: Joe, you have a question, too?

JOE: I do. I’m amazed at how much mail we’re getting on a lot of this. Go back one more second, Warren, and we’ll get back to this current line of thinking. This gentleman writes in, pretty interesting, “Why would I ever consider sending more money to Washington, given the inept policies and investments of our government? Would Warren continue to send money into a business black hole if it had a similar track record?” And I was thinking, if the government was a business and Berkshire was looking at it, there’s no way Berkshire would even take a 1 percent stake in the government with their track record of investments. And I’ve gotten you to admit in the past that one of the reasons you think the Gates Foundation will do a lot better with your 50 or 60 billion is because even charities have a better — a much better reputation for watching how money is spend and for doing more good. So with all that in mind, can you at least see how someone might be sort of just, on an intellectual basis, opposed to just giving a blank check to such a profligate entity?

BUFFETT: Anytime an organization is as big as the US government or any other government, they are not going to be as efficient, obviously, as smaller organizations. But I’ve heard that argument since the late 1930s when my two sisters and I sat around the dinner — the dining room table and my dad presented it day after day. And it was true then, too. It’s been true every year that I’ve been alive. On the other hand, we have successfully defended the country, we’ve built the greatest industrial machine the world’s ever seen, we’ve built the richest population the world’s ever seen. We’ve done that with the government...

JOE: The government didn’t — the government didn’t do that, though. In that I think the...

BUFFETT: Oh, no. Having — I think the government...

JOE: But the question, Warren, if there’s only so much capital, there’s only so much capital in the world, and you look at where it’s going to do the most good or where it’s going to be treated best, shouldn’t we, at least in the back of our mind, think that the private sector’s a better place to keep it than in — than in the government sector? Because every dime that you give to the government, it’s not necessarily going to help the people that are in need that you’re talking about, Warren, for education. It’s going for political decisions benefiting cronies or benefiting ill-conceived venture capital-type Solyndra investments. I mean, they’re — there’s just a vast amount of waste.

BUFFETT: And, Joe, that’s been true throughout your lifetime. And you take — you take the 60 years or so since World War II, and we have sent 18 to 19 percent of our resources to Washington and they’ve been treated just like you described.

JOE: Right.

BUFFETT: And we have had — we have had an economy that’s been wonderful. It has a market system. Capitalism works.

JOE: But is it in spite of — in spite of — in spite of or because of?

BUFFETT: Both, both, both.

JOE: Right.

BUFFETT: No, I’m not kidding. It’s both. I mean, you know, you would not — you would have — you would have loved what the government was doing, you know, on December 8, 1941. You would have not seen...

JOE: I agree.

BUFFETT: ...less money to Washington.

JOE: I agree.

BUFFETT: And so it’s in spite of and because. And — but the truth is, we can have a country that works wonderfully with 19 percent or so of revenues going to Washington and spending 21 percent.

JOE: It’s just that there’s so many different ways to get there. I mean, we were there a couple — we were there in 18 or 19 percent in 2006 and 2007 even after what you said decimated our revenue 10 years ago. So there was, even under the current — even under the current, when we had a good economy and low — you know, everybody was working at 4, 5 percent back in ’06 and ’07, we were getting 18 or 19 percent.

BUFFETT: The point is to average — the point is to average around 19 and spend around 21.

JOE: Right, right.

BUFFETT: And to have policies in place that do that with the greatest degree — I mean, one way or another you’re going to get it — with the greatest degree of fairness on the revenue side and the greatest degree of efficiency on the expenditure side.

JOE: Right.

BUFFETT: And there’s going to be a lot of slippage on both.

JOE: Ooh, slippage. That’s like shrinkage or leakage. None of those are good.

BUFFETT: Well, that’s true. Listen, Berkshire has some ways to — you know, it kills me but it does. The bigger you get, generally speaking, you know, the less efficient you get in many ways. Now, there’s certain advantages to scale in other respects.

JOE: You’re not — Andrew’s got another — you’re not going to want to...

ANDREW: I was going to...

JOE: You’re not going to ask him if we should to go 100 percent, are you?

ANDREW: No. I was going to...

JOE: Seventy’s not high enough for you.

ANDREW: I was going to save Warren — I was going to save Warren from you and change the entire direction of the conversation.

JOE: Save him from me? How can you — you don’t need to save a guy — you know what? Never be — never feel sorry for someone who has a private jet. That was someone that — someone told me that long ago and I — and it’s what I live by.

BUFFETT: Yeah, yeah.

JOE: Never feel sorry for someone who flies private.

ANDREW: OK. Warren, we don’t have much time...

BUFFETT: Keep preaching — keep preaching that, Joe, I’m with you on that.

ANDREW: Warren, I wanted to get some thoughts about the banking business, and I know we don’t have that much time here, so I’ll start with one question, maybe we can bleed into the next hour on this. But as I was reading your letter and some of your comments about Bank of America, I also noticed that you — and you’ve done this now several times, you’ve praised Jamie Dimon at JPMorgan, and yet I realize that you are not an investor in JPMorgan. And I’m curious why not.

BUFFETT: Well, we own stock in Wells Fargo, we got the Bank of America situation. And I’ll let you in on a little secret. I own some shares of JPMorgan.

BECKY: Personally, right?

BUFFETT: Personally, right, right. You just — you just got some news from me, Andrew. But what I — what I specifically reference, and this is important, Jamie Dimon, I think, writes the best annual letter in corporate America. I think you will learn — I think every viewer will learn something by reading his annual — they’ll learn a lot by reading his annual report. He is a — he thinks well, and he writes extremely well. And he works a lot on the report, he’s told me that. And that’s an annual report worth reading. Most annual reports aren’t worth reading, but that one is.

BECKY: Why would you buy that stock for your personal account and not for Berkshire?

BUFFETT: Well, because Berkshire doesn’t own it, and it’s one that I can buy without having any possible problems about conflict.

BECKY: All right. We’re going to take a quick break here. When we come back, we’ll have more from Warren Buffett after this very quick break. By the way, keep your emails coming. We are going through them, taking — looking at all of them. Don’t forget, you can also tweet your comments and questions. Make sure, though, if you do, that you include the hashtag askwarren. Right now, Warren is a trending topic on Twitter. Wow. I didn’t know that. As you’ve been talking, we’ve been picking it up and apparently lighting up the Twitter universe. By the way, tomorrow on SQUAWK BOX, we have another big lineup for you, including Pimco’s Mohamed El-Arian, who’ll be sitting down with us for two hours. Also, Roger Altman of Evercore. And a new segment that we’re rolling out, Trump Tuesday. Donald Trump joins us to talk markets, politics and much more. SQUAWK BOX will be right back.

ANDREW: Let’s get back to Becky who is live in Omaha.  Becky, I have got stolen Joe’s read. He’s giving me a look.

JOE: Thanks, Joe. Thanks, Joe.

ANDREW: Thanks, Joe. It’s great.

JOE: You’re here, it does... 

BECKY: Thank you, Andrew. Thank you, Joe.

JOE: You’re out there he does it, you’re he does it. It’s just...

ANDREW: It all ran together. I apologize.

BECKY: Oh, we’re a big family. We all share. We all share, it’s all good.

JOE: This is Freud — this is Freudian, though. This is — I mean, it’s not really a slip. I mean, you know, I’m just wondering whether it’s accidental at this point, Becky. But OK.

BECKY: No. He’s doing it just to rattle you for the morning.

Anyway, guys, we are back with Warren Buffett and Warren, we’ve gotten a chance to ask you about a lot of different things that have been going on. Andrew just picked up with a line about some of the banks and this is a good time to ask you about Wells Fargo, which you own a major, major stake.

BUFFETT: Yeah.

BECKY: How’s big the — what’s the percent of the shares outstanding you have?

BUFFETT: Well, we have — we have a little over 400 million shares, so we’re well over 7 percent of the company.

BECKY: We had John Stumpf in — John Stumpf in recently to talk about how things are going at the bank, and a lot of people have said that they think that is the best run bank in the country. We have analysts who were on that day that said that as well. You own now a stake in Bank of America, too. If you had to match all these banks up, what do you think is the best run bank?

BUFFETT: Well, banks are not going to earn as good of return on equity in the future as they had — that they did about five years ago. Their leverage is being restrained, for good reason in many cases. So banks earn on assets, but the ratio of assets to equity, the leverage they have determines what they earn on equity. And if you reduce leverage, you reduce earnings on equity. It’s still a good business. And the American banks are really probably, in many cases, in the best shape they’ve ever been in. Around the world, banks are not in good shape, but the American banking system has really had a remarkable comeback in the last three years.

BECKY: You didn’t answer my question.

BUFFETT: What’s your question?

BECKY: Which bank do you like the best? You invest in many of them.

BUFFETT: Which bank — you mean of the ones we own?

BECKY: Yeah, of the ones you own.

BUFFETT: Well, I would say that if I had to just own one bank, I would probably own Wells.

BECKY: OK. Wells Fargo is in the news today. There’s a story in the Financial Times that says that the company is looking for acquisitions in terms of wealth management, that they’re looking to get into some of that higher income gain. Is that a good move from your perspective?

BUFFETT: Well, if they execute it well, it’s good. And what Wells has done very well is to sell a wide variety of services to a huge deposit base. The biggest single asset that Wells has is its deposit banks, as is true with the Bank of America.

BECKY: Mm-hmm.

BUFFETT: They have a consumer-based small business type base that’s just huge, more so than will be the case with Morgan or Citigroup. So that’s a terrific asset. It really isn’t a big value now because you can’t put money on it at any rate. But over time, it’s a terrific asset. And they sell other products to that group, and the more products they have that they effectively can deliver to those clients, the better.

BECKY: Well, that brings us to a question that we got from our viewers. Again, we have a lot of questions that have come in from our viewers. This one comes from Charles in New York, New York. Control room, it’s number 84. And he picks up on this idea about the low rates. He says, “If the employment picks up substantially this year, do you think it will prompt the Fed to reconsider its considerably low rates policy?” And would that, in turn, end up helping those financials?

BUFFETT: Well, if it picks up enough.

BECKY: Mm-hmm.

BUFFETT: I mean, if the economy really started roaring, the Fed would act sooner than 2014. They will respond to what they — what they see in the economy. I doubt that it picks up at that rate. I think it will get better as the year goes along, but who knows? You get a lot of surprises in economics.

BECKY: So you don’t necessarily worry about inflation before that? I guess the Feds looking at its best forecast and it says 2014. Does that jibe with what you see?

BUFFETT: Not necessarily. But I just — I don’t think I’m great on some crystal ball.

BECKY: Mm-hmm.

BUFFETT: I can tell you that business is getting better. Now, it’s been getting better for the last three years, and I think it’ll keep getting better, barring some, you know, bolt out of the blue. But I don’t think anybody knows the pace at which — it’ll really start improving when housing construction picks up significantly.

BECKY: If you had to bet, again, you don’t have a crystal ball in this, but if you had to bet, do you think that it would pick up enough if you had to bet earlier or later, that you’d say 2013 or 2015?

BUFFETT: I think it’ll — I think it’ll look strong before 2014.

BECKY: OK.

BUFFETT: And interest rates will pick up some, but we have, you know, we have — we have sown the seeds of a lot of inflation for the future. Now, whether we can unsow those seeds and dig them up again, that’s not so easy to do. It’s easy to talk about, but it’s a lot easier to sow the seeds than it is to replant.

BECKY: I know you said that you don’t like gold or a lot of other places to put your money, but John Merrill writes in with a pretty good question. He says, “Would you rather have, if you had to have one of the two, all the gold ever mined or all the paper dollars ever printed? The choice is between two monetary assets, either of which could be used to buy Exxon or farmland.” And what’s your answer on that?

BUFFETT: I definitely don’t like paper money. I like physical assets. So I would — I — but I wouldn’t buy gold or I wouldn’t buy rare stamps, although I was a stamp collector. I wouldn’t buy paintings, although, you know, a number of them I appreciate. I would buy something that’s productive. I bought a farm in the mid-1980s. You know, I mean, that farm is more productive now in terms of it actually — farming techniques have improved somewhat, fertilizers and all that, and then prices are somewhat higher. That farm will always be a good asset, and I don’t get a quote. I’ve never had a quote on it in 25 years. I’ve never turned into the farm channel, you know. But it will be a productive asset. I would rather own that than own some asset that just looks at me.

BECKY: Andrew, you have a question, too?

ANDREW: Hey, Warren. I — just going back to banking because I was listening to some of your comments about Wells Fargo and some of your praise for Bank of America, reading some of the things you said about Brian Moynihan. And one of the companies that wasn’t in there, though — I don’t know, actually you may still be a little bit invested in some of the...

BECKY: Mm-hm.

ANDREW: Well, the preferreds that were paid back. Goldman Sachs. I was curious to sort of — how you see that business model and how you look at Lloyd Blankfein. I know you’ve praised him in the past.

BUFFETT: I’m unequivocal in my praise of Lloyd. I think he did a terrific job in bringing the company through a crisis. I — he’s a fine human being. He’s very smart. He’s straightforward, he’s decent.

ANDREW: But what’s your take on the larger business model?

BUFFETT: And we own — the business model is not as good as it was five years ago. And that’s true for all the investment banks, and it’s true for the commercial banks. You know, they are subject to much more scrutiny and particularly in terms of leverage and in terms of the activities they can engage in and that will reduce the profitability, the return on equities that they get now compared to what they can earn five or six or seven years ago. Our position is that we own warrants on about 43 million shares or there about at 115 that are good in — for about a year and a half, or just a little more.

JOE: Warren, why haven’t — why haven’t you just bought a whole fertilizer company?

BUFFETT: Well, no one’s offered...

JOE: I mean, not that — not that you don’t manufacture enough yourself, as we’ve seen today.

BUFFETT: Yeah.

JOE: But...

BUFFETT: I understand that one. I do.

ANDREW: Oh wow. Wow.

BUFFETT: I knew there was a reason for that question. Well, I...

JOE: No, no, no, no, no, no. That came out — I really wasn’t planning on saying that, but I listen to you...

BUFFETT: Oh, I know that. But, listen, why don’t — I’m in the factory.

JOE: No, but honestly, you look at everything I read and I’m back to that Grantham piece in Barron’s, I mean, you think about the long-term trends and demos for fertilizer companies or any kind of ag-related company. I’m just wondering, you know, you got all — you never know what to do. You have — money keeps building up and you buy a whole railroad. I mean, I’m just surprised that at some point you haven’t decided to just do something like that.

BUFFETT: I don’t rule it out. None has ever been offered to us. We tend to buy businesses that are offered to us. I do not go out prospecting very often. But it is — it’s a commodity business, but it’s a commodity business that it takes a long time to bring on additional supply. The demand overall — but the demand overall for corn, the demand for wheat and soy beans and all kinds of things. The real question is whether the supply grows faster. That will determine the pricing. And as you know, fertilizer prices have moved around a lot over the last 10 years.

BECKY: Mm-hmm. Warren, why don’t we talk about something you’ve talked to us about the last time you were on, IBM, a new company that you’ve been making major acquisitions in. I believe you own about 5 1/2 percent?

BUFFETT: Five and a half — we call it HAL around the office, yeah.

BECKY: So...

BUFFETT: Five and a half percent, yeah.

BECKY: ...have you continued to buy shares of IBM since we spoke with you?

BUFFETT: Oh, we bought just the tiniest bit. We — you’ll see in the first quarter, we just bought a few shares. I was willing to buy a lot, and then it moved up. But anything we own, with the few exceptions, we can’t buy more American Express because it’s a bank holding company and it’s against the rules. But anything we own is at the top of our mind in terms of when we buy something additionally. In other words, I measure any new purchase against what I like least in our portfolio now and unless it — unless it meets that test, I’ll just buy more of something in the portfolio.

BECKY: So have you been buying more of Wells?

BUFFETT: And we bought more Wells — we bought more Wells. Yeah. We bought more Wells just year after year. And we bought...

BECKY: Coca-Cola?

BUFFETT: We bought more Wells since year end, as a matter of fact. And we bought just a few shares of IBM. But if we like something, you know, we’re going to — the money does keep coming in, so we will — we’ll look first at the things we own.

BECKY: The new CEO of IBM, management changed.

BUFFETT: Yeah.

BECKY: Even since you began buying that stake.

BUFFETT: Right.

BECKY: Ginni Rometty, have you met with her or talked with her?

BUFFETT: Yeah. She was out here for lunch about a month ago, but she was also making sales calls.

BECKY: And what did you think after meeting with her?

BUFFETT: I think she’s terrific, you know. But I would expect that. I mean, you know, IBM is a very well-run organization. I didn’t know who she was, you know, a year or 18 months ago. And I knew that Sam Palisanto was going — they tend to retire early there. So I knew he was going to retire fairly early. I did not sit there and, you know, write to Sam and say, `I can’t buy this stock unless I know who your successor is going to be,′ or anything of the sort. I knew they’d make a good choice, and they did.

BECKY: Are there any other new companies you’ve been delving into?

BUFFETT: There are always things on the horizon.

BECKY: Would I be wrong in assuming — well, is IBM a one-off in the technology field? Because there are a lot of people who did not expect that. You’ve never really invested in technology companies. Is that still — does that standard still apply for the most part?

BUFFETT: It — probably for the most part, but if I think I understand enough about the future of the business and I like the management and I like the price and it’s big, because we need sizeable ones, we would buy it. But, as I’ve told you in the past, Microsoft is off limits because people would think I had some kind of inside information if anything good happens, so it’s a no-win situation from our standpoint. But it’s unlikely we do a lot in that area, but if I — if I felt a strong enough conviction on something, and I liked the management and price, I would do it.

BECKY: OK. When you take a look at Bank of America, people have written in wondering what you think about Brian Moynihan’s performance there since you’ve stepped into the stock.

BUFFETT: I think he got — he got handed a — it was a terrible situation he got handed. I mean, it — you know, with the — all of the problems — particularly of Countrywide more than anything else, but some of their own, too. So he was handed a mess. And, fortunately, he was also handed, you know, as great a deposit basis as exists in the world, and that deposit base continues to exist. You know, they have a contact with a significant percentage of all of American homes, and that’s a huge asset. And what he has done is he’s working through the problems he inherited, and you can’t do them in a day or in a week or a month, particularly ones that involve litigation. He’s pared off some of the assets that aren’t central to it. He’s done exactly what I would do if I was in there, and it’s going to take him a significant amount of time from this point forward. Litigation can’t be pushed. If you just say, `I’m willing to settle with anybody,′ you’re going to be a patsy, you know, so he has to — he has to weigh the costs of diversion of time and all that’s involved in litigation against just being a patsy in terms of lawsuits.

BECKY: That stock right now, we just saw, is at $7.85. You bought in at 6 percent preferred, but you’ve also got warrants.

BUFFETT: Yeah.

BECKY: Seven hundred million?

BUFFETT: Seven hundred million, yeah.

BECKY: To buy at below 7.50, I believe.

BUFFETT: Seven fourteen.

BECKY: Seven fourteen, anytime between now and 2021?

BUFFETT: Yeah. They were 10 years from the time we got them.

BECKY: OK. So, again, you feel pretty confident in that investment, not necessarily because you’re buying on the open market, but because you have a different deal.

BUFFETT: No. We like the preferred and we like the warrants, and we will be there for a long time. Now, you know, we are prohibited from selling. I mean, we do not have something that we can turn around and sell tomorrow. Like somebody buys a stock in the market, they can change their mind tomorrow if the stock goes up a point, they can sell and make a quick profit. We can’t do any of that. We have to make our money out of the fact that the business really does well over time.

BECKY: Mm-hmm.

BUFFETT: And I think it will.

BECKY: You brought up Apple a little earlier today when you were talking about Tim Cook as the successor there. You’re not somebody who’s ever bought Apple shares, correct?

BUFFETT: No, I’ve never bought Apple.

BECKY: But you...

BUFFETT: I wish I had.

BECKY: But you have talked to Steve Jobs in the past.

BUFFETT: Yeah, Steve — I got — Steve went on the board of Grinnell College when I...

BECKY: Mm-hmm.

BUFFETT: He was in his early 20s. He was a big admirer of Bob Noyce’s, and Bob was connected there. And so I saw him just a few times over time, but he called me — he did call me a couple of years ago. It was an interesting conversation because I hadn’t talked to him for a long time, and he said `We’ve got all this cash, Warren,′ and he says, `what should we do with it?′ So we went over the alternatives, and it was kind of interesting.

BECKY: What were the alternatives that you laid out? Stock buybacks, dividends?

BUFFETT: There’s only four things you could do.

BECKY: Stock buybacks, dividends, acquisitions? What am I forgetting?

BUFFETT: And sitting with it.

BECKY: And sitting with it.

BUFFETT: And sitting with it, and he had many, many, many, many billions. And I said — I went through the logic of each thing. Now, the — he told me they would not have the chance to make big acquisitions that required lots of money. I mean, they were internally, and that’s exactly what they should be. And then I asked him the question, I said, you know, `I would use it for acquisitions if I thought my stock was undervalued.′ I mean, `I would use it for repurchases if I thought my stock was undervalued.′ And I said how do you feel about that? Stock was around 200 and something. He said, `I think our stock’s really undervalued.′ I said, `Well, you know, what better can you do with your money?′ And then we talked a while, and he didn’t do anything. And, of course, he didn’t want to do anything. He just liked having the cash. It was very interesting to me because I later learned that he said that I agreed with him to do nothing with the cash. But he just didn’t want to — he didn’t want to repurchase stocks, although he absolutely thought his stock was significantly underpriced at 200 and whatever it was.

BECKY: Well, he was right, it’s over 500.

BUFFETT: Yeah. I said, look, you can buy dollar bills for 80 cents or 70 cents and you know the dollar bill. I mean, it’s not a counterfeit, it’s your dollar bill. I said go to it, and the truth was he didn’t. He just didn’t want to repurchase stock. But he was certainly right about his stock being undervalued.

BECKY: You’ve said in the past that you would never do stock buybacks and you would never issue a dividend at Berkshire. Last year you broke the idea of the stock buybacks by laying out how and when you would buy back stock from Berkshire and actually starting to buy some back.

BUFFETT: Yeah, and I — but I never said we’d never buy stock back. As a matter of fact, in the 2000 annual report, we announced we’d buy stock back. I’ve always said buying stock back makes great sense when you’re buying it at a significant discount. Now there is that ethical question about you’re buying it from your partners. I mean, the first line we have in our economic principle is that although our form is corporate, our attitude is partner — partnership. So we want to be sure if we’re buying it back from our partners at a discount from what it’s worth that they understand what it’s worth and why we’re doing it. But there’s nothing like buying your own stock back at a big discount. I mean, one of the things I like about IBM is the fact that they have aggressively bought their stock back over time. That’s made their shareholders richer.

BECKY: Mm-hmm.

BUFFETT: And they’ve announced they’ll continue to buy their stock back big time and that will make their stockholders even richer. I love it.

BECKY: There is a viewer who wrote in on this exact question. Chris Sales from Freeland, Michigan. He says “in the letter released on the 25th you indicate that you don’t enjoy cashing out partners at a discount when you rebought — when you repurchase Berkshire shares, yet at the same letter you prefer IBM buying stock from your fellow IBM partners at the lower — and he lower prices the better.” Why do you have the different views?

BUFFETT: Well, I say if we buy our own stock the lower the price the better.

BECKY: Yeah.

BUFFETT: I mean, we are running the company for the shareholders and I don’t think there’s anything wrong with IBM buying their stock at all. And they have laid out a plan — they laid one out five years ago, a road map and they’ve laid out another road map. They’ve told their shareholders exactly what they expect to do and if the shareholders elect to sell the stock at a price that’s attractive for the company to buy it, there is no moral stigma in the least attached to them buying it. I’m — and I’m all for it.

BECKY: We’ve got a question from Hunts Point, Washington. A lot of people wrote in similar questions. This one comes, it’s number 31, control room. “Even though the book value, as well as incremental stock prices increasing, why not now give a dividend?”

BUFFETT: Why...

BECKY: Why not give a dividend?

BUFFETT: Well, a dividend essentially would have hurt Berkshire at any time since I’ve been there.

BECKY: Yeah.

BUFFETT: I mean, every dollar that’s been reinvested in Berkshire has turned out to have a greater than a $1 value. So what’s the sense of paying out somebody a dollar that’s worth $1.10 or more in the business? And we say that we’ll buy it at $1.10.

BECKY: All right, we’ve got more to get to. We’re going to take a very quick break. Guys, we’ll send it back to you in the studio. When we come back we’re going to talk a little bit more about Simpson-Bowles and some other issues, too.

ANDREW: And as Becky just said, coming up we’re going to get more from the Oracle of Omaha. He’s answering your emails and tweets and big news on the Twitter front. Warren Buffett, he’s trending in the US right now right behind “The Artist” and Meryl Streep. And today’s a very special day for our colleagues at “Squawk on the Street.” They’re unveiling their new set at the New York Stock Exchange. We’re going to get a sneak peek of it in the next half-hour. SQUAWK is coming right back after this.

BECKY: Welcome back to SQUAWK BOX, everyone. We are live this morning in Omaha with Warren Buffett.

And, Warren, one of the subjects we’ve discussed this morning is Simpson-Bowles and what needs to happen or what you think needs to happen. We’ve been talking to CEOs, to business leaders and to personalities over the last several months and asking them about Simpson-Bowles. I thought you might listen in for a moment when we hear what Clint Eastwood had to say about Simpson-Bowles just after that Super Bowl half-time ad that they had. Why don’t you listen in right here.

 

BECKY on tape:  Have you seen Simpson-Bowles and some of the ideas that they had put forth, the panel that the president convened...

CLINT EASTWOOD: Yes. Yes.

BECKY: ...and then it’s kind of gone away since then.

EASTWOOD: Yeah. Well, likely I did. In fact, I was kind of amazed when they took the Simpson-Bowles and assigned them to this research and then they came back with a recommendation which was exactly stop spending and then everybody said that’s enough, you guys, go home. And I thought that’s a waste of money, waste of time, wasted effort from everybody. It wasn’t very spirited for the country when people would see that. I think Simpson — I think both those gentlemen are smart and they had — certainly worth listening to if you’ve gone ahead and assigned them to this project.

BECKY: Warren, Clint Eastwood has been a longtime Republican, he ran as a Republican for mayor of Carmel.

BUFFETT: Sure.

BECKY: But you’ve echoed some similar sentiments this morning.

BUFFETT: I agree with him 100 percent. I mean and I think that — I think that Simpson — I hope they put it into — draft it into legislation or legislative form and I think that — I think it ought to go to Congress and I think that Congress ought to take a vote on it and we can see whether they like it or not. But the American public, I think, are entitled to have that happen. And for Congress to say, you know, we can’t get anything done because it’s an election year, I would just say if they feel that way let’s just skip paying them this year and let them come back next year but — if they’re not going to work on it. So I would — I would love the idea of the American public, whether it’s through business leaders, whether it’s through Clint Eastwood or saying, you know, let’s just have a vote on this. These fellows worked for 10 months, they’re conscientious, they’re smart, they’re decent, they come from both sides. They got people on both sides to agree on it. Let’s have a vote on it and everybody’s going to dislike something in it but the question is, is it better than what we’re doing now?

BECKY: You think a vote like that would actually pass Congress?

BUFFETT: Yeah, I do. If there was enough pressure. If the motivation came because — for Congress to take it up, came about because virtually every CEO in the country, labor leaders, educators, everybody else was saying give us a vote on this and I think if it went up there next month I think it would probably pass. Yeah.

BECKY: So...

BUFFETT: I don’t — I don’t think they — I think they’d be thinking about the next election. They think if they voted against it, you know, maybe if the people wanted it and they voted against it they might not vote for those legislators.

BECKY: It sounded like you were blaming Congress just now for not bringing that bill to a vote to this point. Other people have blamed Obama and his administration for not forcing an issue.

BUFFETT: Well, Congress initiates legislation. That’s their function under the Constitution. You know, they take an oath to support the Constitution, it’s their job to bring forth legislation which they think is beneficial for the country. And here you couldn’t have had a better group work on it. They’ve come up with something. Congress certainly hasn’t come up with something, so let them take it up.

BECKY: OK. Is there anything that you would do to try and force that issue?

BUFFETT: Well, I think there may be some efforts going on in that. I’m not part of them, but I — but I would certainly sign on to anything. If Clint Eastwood presented something that said give us a vote, I’d sign it.

BECKY: OK. Let’s talk a little bit more about some of the issues coming up this November. I know that you are a supporter of President Obama’s. You’ve raised money for him. But you also told us when we sat down with you in November that among the Republican candidates you liked Mitt Romney the most. Is that still the way you feel?

BUFFETT: Yeah, I think — I would say that if I — among the four candidates the Republicans have up, if one of them’s going to be president I would probably prefer it would be Mitt Romney.

BECKY: Why is that?

BUFFETT: I’ve looked at his tax returns, I’ve got his tax returns here. They’re about six times as long as mine. The — I just think that he would be more likely to makes more sensible decisions and less — and less — fewer nonsensical decisions than any of the other three.

BECKY: What did you find in his tax returns?

BUFFETT: I found that he was paying a very low tax rate. His tax return and my tax return are the only two that are out there...

BECKY: We knew that though.

BUFFETT: ...from the super-rich, so it’s kind of a limited sample at the moment. And his return, kind of interesting. We printed it on both sides of the paper. So here’s — this is on both sides of and take a look at it. It’s a — it’s a — it’s a lot of pages. And I don’t fault him for anything in this tax return. He is doing exactly what the US Congress told him to do. I do fault the US Congress for writing a tax code that allows that kind of a return to be filed.

BECKY: And, again, this is some ground that we’ve covered earlier today already, but your point is that the tax laws should be changed, especially for the very richest Americans?

BUFFETT: Yeah. And if I don’t fault him, though. But he is paying a much lower tax rate counting payroll taxes than anybody in my office except for me, yeah.

BECKY: And...

BUFFETT: We will have people working on these presses here at the World Herald and they will be paying a higher tax rate — they’ll come here in the middle of the night — they’ll be paying a higher tax rate than Governor Romney or me.

BECKY: And that’s what you would like to see changed.

BUFFETT: I think that should be changed. And these people have no voice in getting that changed.

BECKY: All right, let’s talk about some other issues, too. We have touched on a lot of the different companies that you hold. Another major one is Johnson & Johnson. And that’s another company that you’ve been a shareholder in for a long time that’s also seen a management change recently. Bill Weldon...

BUFFETT: Right.

BECKY: ...is going to be the chairman but not the CEO. Alex Gorsky’s going to be stepping in there. How do you feel about that particular change and how do you feel about Johnson & Johnson lately?

BUFFETT: Well, Johnson & Johnson obviously is — has messed up in a lot of ways in the last few years. You know, my friend Jim Burke used to run that and it does not have the reputation now that it had, you know, a few years back. It’s still got a lot of wonderful products and it’s got a wonderful balance sheet and all of that, but there have been too many mistakes made at Johnson & Johnson.

BECKY: What went wrong?

BUFFETT: I don’t know. I wasn’t — but clearly they have not lived up to their own standards.

BECKY: You have not been selling your stake though.

BUFFETT: No, we haven’t been buying more, though, either.

BECKY: But why haven’t you sold them?

BUFFETT: Well, we might. I mean, there are things I like better than J&J. The four biggest ones I’ve named. And conceivably we’ve got a lot of cash around so I don’t need to sell things. We’ve got — still got 30-something billion cash around and so I’ve got a lot of extra cash. So I don’t focus on selling things that are — Johnson & Johnson is still an attractive business at its price. But if I needed money that would be on my — on my sell list as opposed to Wells Fargo or the others I’ve named.

BECKY: You still on the prowl for a major acquisition above $10 billion?

BUFFETT: You bet. You bet. Yeah, we — yeah, that’s my job and the money does keep coming in, and I like buying businesses better than anything else. Lubrizol was a great buy for us, and you know, the best one we’ve made in recent years obviously is BNSF. But I love the idea of buying big businesses for Berkshire that we can own forever. As I mentioned in the annual report, we have — we know own eight companies that each by itself would be on the Fortune 500 as a stand-alone company. So there’s 492 to go and I’ve got the names of every one of them in my mind.

BECKY: OK. Andrew, you have a question?

ANDREW: Yeah. Warren, we’ve got a number of emails from people who’ve asked why you haven’t doubled down and bought more shares of Coca-Cola. You look at the way the shares have moved, you know, ever over the past couple of years since the financial crisis is actually — it’s obviously gone on a huge run. What’s the answer?

BUFFETT: It’s a wonderful company. And it’s our — at market it is our single biggest investment. At market we’ve got almost $14 billion in it. So it already — I mean, it is our number one investment. And it’s not inconceivable we would buy more but in the last year I bought primarily IBM. Among marketables I put almost $11 billion in that and I put about a billion in Wells Fargo. I regarded those both as more attractive then Coke last year, but that can change. I mean, I always think in terms of the ones we own presently as to whether we should add to them. And Coca-Cola, Muhtar Kent has done a terrific job at Coke. I mean, he’s been a fabulous manager and Pepsi’s giving us a little help.

BECKY: Hm. You know, Warren, let’s talk also about what’s happening in Europe. We’ve talked to you over the last year or so as we’ve watched the European situation play out and you noticed that very early that it was going to be a big problem. Are you convinced that Europe has turned the corner in terms of dealing with its financial crisis?

BUFFETT: Well, it turned the corner in terms of its funding crisis for its banks a few months ago when the ECB said they would give these three-year loans at 1 percent and they gave almost — well, it was 400 and something billion euros, which translates to maybe $600 billion.

I mean, they opened up their window. So they — the European banks were facing a funding problem and they get less of their money from deposits and more from, essentially, bonds...

BECKY: Mm-hmm.

BUFFETT: ...than the American banks, and they’re in far different shape than the American banks. So they had this huge funding problem that was really coming down the pike pretty fast. The ECB solved that temporarily. But that does not solve the solvency problems of European banks and it does not solve the imbalances of — fiscal imbalances of countries that cannot print their own money. The basic problem they have is they gave up their right to print their own money, the 17 countries that are part of the Euro Union. So — monetary union — so you can’t believe how fundamental it is. If you owe money — the difference between being able to print your own money to pay it and not being able to print is night and day. Now they are wrestling with that and this action by the ECB to stave off funding problems for the banks gives them more breathing space on that. But the problem hasn’t been solved yet.

BECKY: And the expectation is more money will be needed. This weekend the news was that the G-20 kind of gave them the stiff arm in terms of looking for more money there. They would like to see Germany and some of the other European countries raise more money first.

BUFFETT: When you’re spending more than you’re taking in, which is true for the European Monetary Union as a whole, big time, when you’re spending more than you’re taking in and you can’t print money, you have a problem. And you are dependent on the confidence of the world to keep lending you more and more money even though you don’t — you’re not able to print the stuff to pay them off. People are very happy giving the United States government money because we can print it to give it to them. How much it’s worth is another question when you get it. The danger is inflation, the danger is not getting back dollars. The danger in Europe is, you know, how does a country that’s spending more than it’s taking in and can’t print money, how can it — if it loses the confidence of the market, the game is over.

BECKY: All right. Joe, you have a question, too?

JOE: Yeah. You got the — we got the big primaries coming up and one’s in Michigan, Warren, and I know you’ve seen the — all the debate being reignited about the auto bailout, you’ve got, you know, Romney and Santorum talking about it in one respect, we had Steve Ratner, you can’t turn on the TV without seeing him somewhere defending it and saying there would have been no DIP financing. The Wall Street Journal weighed in over the weekend, I thought it was an interesting piece, the op-ed piece, just talking about that maybe the whole bailout made the auto industry — it’s still there, the stocks are above zero, they’re still running, but maybe didn’t set up the future that great for the auto industry here. Would you ever consider buying a stake in GM or Ford at this point?

BUFFETT: Well, I’ve always felt it’s too hard in the auto industry to predict who the winners are going to be. There were 2,000 auto companies established in the United States in the 20th century and what have we got left, you know, a couple. So it’s very hard to pick — to pick winners. I don’t — there will be a big auto industry five, 10, 20 years from now that we will be selling lots of cars, I just don’t know whose cars they’re going to be...

JOE: I mean, the...

BUFFETT: ...any more...

JOE: ...the Journal...

BUFFETT: But I would say this.

JOE: Yeah, go ahead.

BUFFETT: Well, I would say this, I was kind of on the fence about the auto bailout for quite a while. I mean, it kind of went against my instincts, but I will tell you, Steve Ratner is 100 percent right when he says there was not a dime of private capital that would have — would have been available for a managed bankruptcy absent government help. I mean, look, it’s very clear to me in hindsight, it wasn’t so clear to me at the time...

JOE: Right.

BUFFETT: ...but it’s very clear to me in hindsight that the auto bailout was one of the best things that have happened in this economy. The dominos that would have fallen — you know, we saw dominos fall in September of 2008, we saw them fall so fast and such big ones, you know, we did not need a repeat of that with what would have started with the auto industry. But I do not claim any great foresight on that.

JOE: Yeah. Yeah.

BUFFETT: I have really mixed emotions.

JOE: The Journal delicately dances around that and says that, you know, in hindsight it’s tough to say if the government hadn’t been there and there hadn’t been crowding out, nobody knows who might have come forward. They also go on to say — they also go on to say that some of the foreign automakers that now build cars in this country would have been interested in all of the assets if it had been done in a — in a normal way and they’d be making — they may have bought, you know, maybe we’d be making Toyotas in Detroit right now or something. But they make the point...

BUFFETT: Mm-hmm.

JOE: ...that the steel industry was able to come back after the normal paths were followed and it’s been rationalized and that the future is much brighter because they were able to deal with all the legacy issues. I guess Ratner and others say that a lot of legacy issues were dealt with, but the Journal’s point was that it would have even been — all these balance sheet issues would have been rationalized even more, in fact it may have had a better future. Now we’ve got CAFE standards that are going to go to 50 miles per gallon, you know, very quickly and it’s going to be a tough — very tough future for our automakers here to try and hit those and give Americans things they want to buy.

BUFFETT: I would just say this, Joe, if all of the steel — the big steelmakers, you know, if 90 percent of the American steel capacity — if in March of 2009 it was all running out of cash simultaneously, believe it, there would have been no private solution. And I got a call in the spring — or maybe it was late winter — of 2009 and — from one of the — one of the automakers and looking for capital, there wasn’t any place they were going to get a dime. I mean, it was — it would have been crazy to put capital in unless an overall solution was going to be engineered by somebody that really had the capacity to write checks, and that was the federal government. And like I said, I didn’t — that’s not a philosophical answer, that is just a pragmatic answer of what was going on in the world at that time. It would have been devastating. It would have unwound the progress that we’d been making from the fall of 2008.

JOE: Well, they’re still too big to fail then, Warren, I mean we would have to do it again. I mean, the precedent has been set, we will still — I mean they will never go under. I don’t know, you wonder — philosophically it’s not good to talk about...

BUFFETT: No, they’re...

JOE: ...but sometimes you do need to talk philosophically just because capitalism doesn’t work if we — if you know that it’s going to happen every time.

BUFFETT: It’s too big — it’s too big to fail all at once. I mean it...

JOE: Yeah.

BUFFETT: ...it’s just like — you know, General Electric was in line there...

JOE: I know.

BUFFETT: ...in September of 2008. Now they didn’t — they didn’t do anything themselves, they were just one great big domino and they were right next to other dominos that were toppling.

JOE: Yeah.

BUFFETT: But what we learned in 2008 is that when dominos topple in this society, when big ones do, and when you start off with the two biggest institutions, Freddie and Fannie, you know, of the United States government with 40 percent of the mortgages insured and they go under conservatorship, you will find out that there are an awful lot of dominos in line. And you’ve got to have a firewall someplace and the only person that — the only entity that can come up with a firewall at that time is the US government. And incidentally, there’s not great moral hazard in doing what they did. The shareholders of AIG, of Citi, of Freddie, of Fannie, you name it, they got creamed. I mean, it isn’t like they got rewarded for the fact that they had their investment in it, they got totally creamed. They are not there sitting, `Goody, goody, I want to do this again,′ you know. So the moral hazard thing can get misinterpreted.

BECKY: Joe, I think we have to sneak in a break here?

JOE: Oh, yeah, we definitely have to do that, or I will have moral hazard if we don’t — I’ve been told that personally.

Coming up, more from Warren Buffett. He’s answering your emails and tweets, and keep them coming, Warren Buffett is trending on — what does that mean?

ANDREW: It means that people are watching the show as we speak and they’re writing about this interview.

JOE: What does trending mean?

ANDREW: Trending means that there are thousands of people who are putting the word “Buffett” in their tweets, which means that people are tracking it...

JOE: They’re not...

ANDREW: ...and there suddenly is this trending.

JOE: ...they’re not misspelling it, they’re not headed to a buffet for sure? I mean...

ANDREW: They could be headed to a buffet, but more likely they’re watching SQUAWK.

JOE: I don’t think any Twitter people go to buffets anymore, because old people — right?

ANDREW: No, they’re all in the buffet line tweeting at the same time.

JOE: All right. It’s trending on Twitter big time, a lot of trending going on.

ANDREW: Yes.

JOE: Woo! Right behind “The Artist” and Meryl Streep.

ANDREW: Right.

JOE: Right. But first, we’re going to get a — we got to get this — a sneak peek at Squawk on the Street’s new set at the New York Stock Exchange. High-tech extraordinaire. SQUAWK BOX will be right back.

BECKY: We are back with Warren Buffett this morning. We’ve got a last few minutes of questions before we are finished up here. And, Warren, Jim Cramer was just making some comments about your view on stock buybacks, especially regarding IBM. You now own about 5 1/2 percent of the stock of the shares outstanding for that company and in your annual letter you laid out your cause for why you would be happy to see them buying back stock and you’re not necessarily looking for that stock to go up over the last few years. That’s a little controversial. You want to lay it out?

BUFFETT: Well, I don’t know whether it’s going to go up or not.

BECKY: Yeah.

BUFFETT: I’m just saying that if they’re going to buy back stock, they’re going to buy back a lot of stock, they’ve announced they’re going to do that. If they buy it cheaper and I’m a continuing shareholder, I’m better off. I mean, if three people own a McDonald’s stand and you can buy out a — one of the three for a fifth of the total value of it, the other two are better off at the end. And any time you — any time you buy your partner out at a discount, you benefit. Now there’s no moral problem attached to that in the stock market because markets set prices, you wouldn’t want to do that in a private partnership.

BECKY: Right.

BUFFETT: But I’ll love it if IBM buys a ton of stock, and the cheaper they buy it, the better I’ll do over time.

BECKY: OK. Let’s talk about gas prices once again, because we did have a lot of people who wrote in who said that they are feeling the pinch of gas prices already.

BUFFETT: Sure.

BECKY: I guess gas price is up around $3.80, somewhere in that realm. We could very likely see it push back above $4. There are people who, again, who are writing in who say they feel it and it could end up cutting into what they spend in other places. Could it eat into the economy?

BUFFETT: Well, it is a minus, there’s no question about it.

BECKY: Mm-hmm.

BUFFETT: I mean, if you spend more on gas, you’ve got less to spend on other things. We have — you know, we had $147 a barrel oil, too, so I mean, we’ve lived through it in the past. And $30 oil was a shock in the 1970s and it had an effect on the economy. So any time an important part of the American expenditures goes up in price, whether it’s food or whether it’s gas, you know, it has an effect on everything else, no question about it.

BECKY: I know that you look at a lot of different factors and that overall you are very optimistic about the future not only of this country but also of the stock market. But if you have a list of worries, what’s at the top of that list?

BUFFETT: Well, the biggest worry is nuclear, chemical and biological attack of some sort, whether by a government or by a rogue group, and that will happen someday in our future and it’ll be anything from a large tragedy to an unbelievable tragedy.

BECKY: Right now it’s not — it’s not on the forefront of Americans’ minds, although a lot of the things that are happening in the Middle East right now are creeping back up there.

BUFFETT: Yeah. Well, it’ll happen sometime when it isn’t on their — on our minds, just like the attack in — on 9/11. I mean, there are people that wish us ill and they — and they wish us a lot of ill if they can pull it off. So nuclear, chemical and biological knowledge has spread, and there are plenty of people that would like — wish us ill, so that is the biggest worry we have. But in terms of the economy and all of that, the luckiest person born in the history of the world is the baby being born today in the United States. I mean, in terms of the outlook for their lives, they are going to live better than John D. Rockefeller lived or better than I live and so on. I mean, it — our country’s future is just — it’s fantastic.

BECKY: Warren, if you had to compare the stock market and how you feel about it right now vs. where you did back in October of 2008 when you told people to buy stocks, you were, how would you briefly sum that up?

BUFFETT: Well, they were cheaper at that time. It’s become clear now that the dominos aren’t going to fall, so people are less worried now. But the time to buy stocks is when people are most worried, and October of 2008 was a better time than now. This is a better time than 10 years from now will be.

BECKY: OK. Warren, we want to thank you very much for joining us here this morning and being so generous with your time.

BUFFETT: Thanks for coming.

BECKY: We appreciate it.

And, guys, we’ll send it back to you in the studio.

JOE: So Warren, you won’t come to the correspondents’ dinner with me, that’s all right. All right, that’s fine.

BUFFETT: I’m sending — I’m sending another brick, Joe.

JOE: I’m going to...

BUFFETT: It’s in the mail.

JOE: ...I’m going to — you know, I’m going to ask Bill Murray, then. If you’re not coming, I’m going to ask Bill — I’m going to ask Bill Murray. But I asked you first, don’t say that I didn’t.

BUFFETT: Oh, I got it.

ANDREW: Warren, how would you — if I took Ed Asner, would that be OK, or is that sort of off-limits? You know.

JOE: That’s — you...

BUFFETT: I think Ed Asner got overlooked in the — in the Oscars. I’m amazed.

JOE: He’s a little more conservative.

BUFFETT: Those people have no judgment of talent.

JOE: He’s a little more conservative than you are.

ANDREW: Wait, you’re going to say he’s a little more conservative...

JOE: No, than you are, Andrew, yeah.

ANDREW: I’m not so sure about that.

JOE: You — but you guys can have a meeting of the minds.

ANDREW: OK, we got to run. Warren, thank you so much for a wonderful three hours, a lot of news there.

JOE: A lot of time.

ANDREW: Make sure you join us tomorrow.

    热门主题

      • Recent Articles

      • 2012-02-27 Warren Buffett.Squawk Box

        Refer To:《 2012-02-27 Warren Buffett.Squawk Box》。 Warren Buffett appeared live on CNBC’s Squawk Box this morning, February 27, 2012, for his annual “Ask Warren” three-hour marathon. 2012年2月27日今天早上,Warren Buffett 现身 CNBC 的《Squawk ...
      • 1965-11-09 Warren Buffett's Letters to Berkshire Shareholders

        To the Stockholders of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.: The fiscal year ended October 2, 1965 resulted in net earnings of $2,279,206 as compared to net earnings of $125,586 for the prior year. These net earnings do not reflect any nonrecurring losses ...
      • 1966-12-02 Warren Buffett's Letters to Berkshire Shareholders

        To the Stockholders of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.: For your information, we have highlighted the financial information for fiscal 1966 in comparison with the five preceding years on the facing page. In this letter we will discuss in some detail the ...
      • 1968-03-08 Warren Buffett's Letters to Berkshire Shareholders

        To the Stockholders of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.: The Company has adopted a calendar year for accounting purposes. This new calendar year end substitutes for the previous September 30 year end. The change was effective December 30, 1967. This report ...
      • 1969-03-12 Warren Buffett's Letters to Berkshire Shareholders

        To the Stockholders of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.: Earnings in both textile and insurance operations improved somewhat during 1968. Total operating earnings in relation to stockholders investment still are not satisfactory, but we are expending every ...