I.C.S.104.我们的工作方法

I.C.S.104.我们的工作方法

一个好的决定导致不好的结果,一个坏的决定却得到好的结果,要把两者分开,在衡量结果之前重点关注决定的质量。

一、Intelligent hypotheses(聪明的假设)

从一家经济状况良好的企业入手,就像人群中的姚明,我们不可能有时间追踪每一个想法,所以需要有一个强有力的假设前提,然后再做进一步的研究,参考:《1998-05-04 Berkshire Hathaway Annual Meeting》
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Now, the general premise of why you’re interested in something should be 80 percent of it or thereabouts. I mean, you don’t want to be chasing down every idea that way, so you should have a strong presumption.
不过,你之所以对某项投资感兴趣的基本前提应当占到大约80%。我的意思是,你不想用这种方法追踪每一个想法,所以你需要有一个强有力的假设前提。

You should be like a basketball coach who runs into a seven-footer on the street. I mean, you’re interested to start with; now you have to find out if you can keep him in school, if he’s coordinated, and all that sort of thing. That’s the scuttlebutt aspect of it.
你应该像一个篮球教练在街上遇到一个七英尺高的球员一样。我的意思是,你一开始就应该感兴趣;然后你需要了解他是否能留在学校,是否协调,诸如此类的事情。这就是“走访调查法”的一个方面。

But I believe that as you’re acquiring knowledge about industries in general, companies specifically, that there really isn’t anything like first doing some reading about them, and then getting out and talking to competitors, and customers, and suppliers, and ex-employees, and current employees, and whatever it may be.
但我相信,在你获取行业一般知识和具体公司信息时,确实没有什么比先阅读资料,然后与竞争对手、客户、供应商、前雇员、现雇员以及其他相关人士交流更有效的方法了。

And you will learn a lot. But it should be the last 20 percent or 10 percent. I mean, you don’t want to get too impressed by that, because you really want to start with a business where you think the economics are good, where they look like seven-footers, and then you want to go out with a scuttlebutt approach to possibly reject your original hypothesis.
你会从中学到很多。但这应该是最后的20%或10%的工作。我的意思是,你不想对这些印象过深,因为你确实应该从一家你认为经济状况良好的企业开始,就像那些七英尺高的篮球运动员一样,然后用“走访调查法”来验证或否定你的原始假设。

二、Correct facts(正确的事实)

我们无法预测那些没有大量证据的事情,参考《2018-05-05 Berkshire Hathaway Annual Meeting》
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I mean, we don’t foresee things that we haven’t got a lot of evidence in on. 
我们无法预测那些没有大量证据的事情。

三、Sound reasoning(合理的推理)

简单到能用一句概括的理由,这个理由是足够重要、并且可计量的,以下是巴菲特最初买入可口可乐的理由,参考:《1991 Warren Buffett.Three Lectures to Notre Dame Faculty》
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I used to tell the stock exchange people that before a person bought 100 shares of General Motors they should have to write out on a [piece of paper:] “I’m buying 100 shares of General Motors at X” and multiply that by the number of shares “and therefore General Motors is worth more than $32 billion” or whatever it multiplies out to, “because ... [fill in the reasons]” And if they couldn’t answer that question, their order wouldn’t be accepted.
我过去常对交易所的人说,在某人买入100股通用汽车之前,他应该在一张纸上写下:“我以X价格买入100股通用汽车”,再乘以股数,“因此通用汽车的价值超过320亿美元”,或者算出多少就是多少,“因为……【写明理由】”。如果他回答不了,就不该接受订单。

That test should be applied. I should never buy anything unless I can fill out that piece of paper. I may be wrong, but I would know the answer to that. “I’m buying Coca Cola right now, 660 million shares of stock, a little under $50. The whole company costs me about $32 billion dollars.” Before you buy 100 shares of stock at $48 you ought to be able to answer “I’m paying $32 billion today for the Coca Cola Company because...” [Banging the podium for emphasis.] If you can’t answer that question, you shouldn’t buy it. If you can answer that question, and you do it a few times, you’ll make a lot of money.
必须采用这种测试。除非我能填好那张纸,否则绝不买。我可能会出错,但我会知道答案。“我现在买可口可乐,6.6亿股,每股不到50美元,整家公司成本约320亿美元。”在你以48美元买入100股之前,你应能回答:“我今天花320亿美元买下可口可乐,因为……”【敲讲台强调】若答不上,就不该买。若能回答并重复几次,你会赚大钱。

[From the audience: “Well, you bought it, how did you answer it?”]
【观众问:“那您买了,您怎么回答?”】

Well, it was only $14 billion. I would say this: “If you added a penny to price of every Coca Cola sold in the world this year, that would add $2 billion to pretax earnings.” Now you tell me whether you think there’s a penny, worldwide, of price flexibility per serving of Coke. Well, the answer is “you know there is.”
当时才140亿美元。我会这么答:“如果今年全球每杯可乐涨价一分钱,就能增加20亿美元税前利润。”那么,你觉得每杯可乐在全球范围里有没有涨价一分钱的灵活空间?答案显然是“有”。

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