2010-07-21 Dick Durbin.Durbin amendment

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The Durbin amendment, implemented by Regulation II,[1] is a provision of United States federal law, 15 U.S.C. § 1693o-2, that requires the Federal Reserve to limit fees charged to retailers for debit card processing. It was passed as part of the Dodd–Frank financial reform legislation in 2010, as a last-minute addition by Dick Durbin, a senator from Illinois, after whom the amendment is named.[2]

杜宾修正案，由《条例二》实施，是美国联邦法律 15 U.S.C. § 1693o-2 的一项规定，要求联邦储备局限制对零售商收取的借记卡处理费用。该修正案作为 2010 年多德-弗兰克金融改革立法的一部分通过，是伊利诺伊州参议员迪克·杜宾在最后时刻添加的，因此以他的名字命名。

After the rule to limit fees, 12 C.F.R. §235, went into effect, a coalition of merchants sued the Federal Reserve. The rule was upheld when the Supreme Court denied petition for certiorari in 2014. [citation needed]

在限制费用的规则 12 C.F.R. §235 生效后，一群商家起诉了美联储。该规则在 2014 年最高法院拒绝受理上诉时被维持。

Background 背景

Interchange fees or "debit card swipe fees" are paid to banks by acquirers for the privilege of accepting payment cards. Merchants and card-issuing banks have long fought over these fees. Prior to the Durbin amendment, card swipe fees were previously unregulated and averaged about 44 cents per transaction.[3]

交换费或“借记卡刷卡费”是收单机构为接受支付卡的特权而支付给银行的费用。商家和发卡银行长期以来一直在争夺这些费用。在杜宾修正案之前，刷卡费以前是不受监管的，平均每笔交易约为 44 美分。

Merchants lobbied heavily for a rule to limit debit card swipe fees.[4] They accomplished this when the Durbin amendment passed with the Dodd-Frank financial reform legislation on July 21, 2010.[5] This was considered a major loss for banks, who receive billions of dollars a year in income from swipe fees.[6]

商家大力游说制定一项限制借记卡刷卡费的规则。 [4] 他们在 2010 年 7 月 21 日通过多德-弗兰克金融改革法案的德宾修正案时实现了这一目标。 [5] 这被认为是银行的一大损失，因为银行每年从刷卡费中获得数十亿美元的收入。 [6]

The law applies to banks with over $10 billion in assets, and these banks would have to charge debit card interchange fees that are "reasonable and proportional to the actual cost" [7] of processing the transaction. The bill aimed to restrict anti-competitive practices and encourage competition, and included provisions which allow retailers to refuse to use credit cards for small purchases and offer incentives for using cash or another type of card.[8]

该法律适用于资产超过 100 亿美元的银行，这些银行必须收取“合理且与实际成本成比例”的借记卡交换费。该法案旨在限制反竞争行为并鼓励竞争，其中包括允许零售商拒绝使用信用卡进行小额购买并提供使用现金或其他类型卡的激励措施的条款。

The Durbin amendment also gave the Federal Reserve the power to regulate debit card interchange fees, and on December 16, 2010, the Fed proposed a maximum interchange fee of 12 cents per debit card transaction,[9] which CardHub.com estimated would cost large banks $14 billion annually.[10] On June 29, 2011, the Fed issued its final rule, which holds that the maximum interchange fee an issuer can receive from a single debit card transaction is 21 cents plus 5 basis points multiplied by the amount of the transaction.[11] This rule also allows issuers to raise their interchange fees by as much as one cent if they implement certain fraud-prevention measures.[11] An issuer eligible for this adjustment, could therefore receive an interchange fee of as much as 24 cents for the average debit card transaction (valued at $38),[11] according to the Federal Reserve. This cap—which took effect on October 1, 2011, rather than July 21, 2011, as was previously announced—reduces fees by roughly $9.4 billion annually.[10] As a result, banks made plans to raise account maintenance fees to compensate.[12]

杜宾修正案还赋予美联储监管借记卡交换费的权力，2010 年 12 月 16 日，美联储提议每笔借记卡交易的最高交换费为 12 美分， [9] CardHub.com 估计这将使大型银行每年损失 140 亿美元。 [10] 2011 年 6 月 29 日，美联储发布了最终规则，规定发行人从单笔借记卡交易中获得的最高交换费为 21 美分加上交易金额的 5 个基点。 [11] 该规则还允许发行人如果实施某些防欺诈措施，可以将交换费提高多达 1 美分。 [11] 根据美联储的数据，符合此调整条件的发行人因此可以从平均借记卡交易（价值 38 亿美元）中获得高达 24 美分的交换费。 [11] 这一上限于 2011 年 10 月 1 日生效，而不是之前宣布的 2011 年 7 月 21 日，每年减少费用约 94 亿美元。 [10] 因此，银行计划提高账户维护费以弥补损失。 [12]

Federal Reserve Rule 联邦储备规则

The rule that the Federal Reserve issued went into effect on October 1, 2011 and capped the interchange rate paid to non-exempt card issuers at 0.05 percent plus twenty-one cents. The rule also allowed these non-exempt card issuers to earn an additional one-cent fraud prevention adjustment for implementation of fraud prevention policies.[13]

美联储发布的规则于 2011 年 10 月 1 日生效，将支付给非豁免卡发行商的交换费率上限设定为 0.05%加21美分。该规则还允许这些非豁免卡发行商通过实施防欺诈政策获得额外的一美分防欺诈调整。

Response to the rule 对规则的回应

Merchants and card-issuing banks opposed the Federal Reserve rule.

商家和发卡银行反对美联储的规定。

The Merchant Payments Coalition (MPC) argued that this rule was unfair as the Durbin amendment required the Federal Reserve to ensure that banks take effective steps against fraud and determine how much of the cost banks should bear themselves. The MPC said that banks should actually have to reduce fraud before receiving more funds. The MPC pointed out that the common practice of having customers merely signing for debit card purchases processed through the Visa and MasterCard payment networks instead of requiring a PIN greatly increases fraud.[14]

商户支付联盟（MPC）认为这项规则不公平，因为杜宾修正案要求美联储确保银行采取有效措施防止欺诈，并确定银行应自行承担多少成本。MPC 表示，银行实际上应该在获得更多资金之前减少欺诈。MPC 指出，通常的做法是让客户仅通过 Visa 和 MasterCard 支付网络签署借记卡购买，而不是要求输入 PIN，这大大增加了欺诈行为。

The American Bankers Association opposed the rule because it represents an "unprecedented transfer in costs from retailers to consumers – the result of government price fixing" leading to "consumers paying higher fees for basic bank services."[15]

美国银行家协会反对这项规定，因为这代表着“从零售商到消费者的成本前所未有的转移——政府价格固定的结果”导致“消费者为基本银行服务支付更高的费用。”

Litigation against the rule 对规则的诉讼

A coalition of merchants including the National Association of Convenience Stores (NACS) and National Restaurant Association sued the Federal Reserve and argued the rule exceeded the authority granted by Congress.[16]

包括全国便利店协会（NACS）和全国餐馆协会在内的商人联盟起诉了美联储，并认为该规则超出了国会授予的权限。

District court 地方法院

In July 2013, U.S. District Judge Richard Leon ruled that the Federal Reserve did not comply with the Durbin amendment when crafting a rule to limit debit card swipe fees. Judge Leon ordered the Federal Reserve to re-write its rule governing the cap on debit card swipe fees and implement a temporary regulation as well.[17]

2013 年 7 月，美国地方法院法官理查德·里昂裁定，美联储在制定限制借记卡刷卡费的规则时未遵守杜宾修正案。里昂法官命令美联储重新制定其管理借记卡刷卡费上限的规则，并实施一项临时规定。

The opinion was generally scathing and noted that the agency overruled its own staff, who had recommended a cap of 12 cents per transaction.[18] Judge Leon held the Federal Reserve Board "clearly disregarded Congress' statutory intent by inappropriately inflating all debit-card transaction fees by billions of dollars." The judge also ruled that the Federal Reserve failed to ensure that merchants enjoy access to "multiple unaffiliated networks" to process each debit-card transaction, as also required by the Durbin amendment.[19]

该意见普遍严厉，并指出该机构推翻了其自己的员工建议的每笔交易 12 美分的上限。 [18] 法官莱昂认为，联邦储备委员会“显然无视国会的法定意图，不适当地将所有借记卡交易费用膨胀了数十亿美元。”法官还裁定，联邦储备未能确保商家享有通过“多个无关联网络”处理每笔借记卡交易的权利，这也是杜宾修正案的要求。 [19]

Court of Appeals 上诉法院

The D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals reversed and held the Federal Reserve reasonably interpreted Congress' intent of the Durbin amendment through its 2011 rule limiting swipe fees. "Given that the Board's rule advances the Durbin amendment's purpose, we decline to second-guess its reasoned decision to reject an alternative option that might have further advanced the purpose."[20]

哥伦比亚特区巡回上诉法院推翻并认为美联储通过其 2011 年限制刷卡费的规则合理地解释了国会对杜宾修正案的意图。 “鉴于委员会的规则推进了杜宾修正案的目的，我们拒绝对其拒绝可能进一步推进该目的的替代方案的合理决定进行第二次猜测。”

The three judge panel noted that "Congress put the Board, the district court and us in a real bind...given that the Durbin amendment was crafted in conference committee at the eleventh hour, its language is confusing and its structure convoluted."[21]

三名法官小组指出，“国会让委员会、地区法院和我们陷入了真正的困境……鉴于杜宾修正案是在最后一刻由会议委员会制定的，其语言令人困惑，结构复杂。”

Supreme Court 最高法院

On August 18, 2014, NACS filed a petition for certiorari. On January 20, 2015, the Supreme Court denied NACS petition for certiorari. The decision upholds the Federal Reserve rule on the interchange rate paid to non-exempt card issuers at 0.05 percent plus twenty-one cents.[22][23]

2014 年 8 月 18 日，NACS 提交了调卷令申请。2015 年 1 月 20 日，最高法院驳回了 NACS 的调卷令申请。该决定维持了美联储关于非豁免卡发行商支付的互换费率为 0.05%加21美分的规定。

References 参考文献

"Regulation II: Debit Card Interchange Fees and Routing". Federal Reserve.
《条例二：借记卡交换费和路由》。联邦储备。
Chen, Tim. "What the Durbin Amendment Means for You". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
陈，蒂姆。《杜宾修正案对你的意义》。美国新闻与世界报道。检索于 9 April 2015。
Gordon, Marcy. "Judge strikes Fed's cap on debit 'swipe' fees", USA Today, Washington, 31 July 2013. Retrieved on 5 March 2015.
戈登，玛西。“法官驳回美联储对借记卡‘刷卡’费用的上限”，今日美国，华盛顿，2013 年 7 月 31 日。2015 年 3 月 5 日检索。
Mattingly, Phil. "How Wal-Mart Swiped JPMorgan in $16 Billion Debit-Card Battle", Bloomberg News, 27 June 2011. Retrieved on 5 March 2015.
马丁利，菲尔。《沃尔玛如何在 160 亿美元的借记卡大战中击败摩根大通》，彭博新闻，2011 年 6 月 27 日。2015 年 3 月 5 日检索。
Chen, Tim. "What the Durbin Amendment Means for You", U.S. News & World Report, 12 July 2011. Retrieved on 5 March 2015.
Chen, Tim. "What the Durbin Amendment Means for You", U.S. News & World Report, 2011 年 7 月 12 日. 2015 年 3 月 5 日检索.
Mui, Yan Q.. "Fed to face judge over swipe fees", The Washington Post, 20 August 2013. Retrieved on 5 March 2015.
Mui, Yan Q.. "美联储因刷卡费面临法官审理", 《华盛顿邮报》，2013 年 8 月 20 日。2015 年 3 月 5 日检索。
"The Durbin Amendment Explained". NerdWallet.com.
"杜宾修正案详解"。NerdWallet.com.
"Side-by-Side Comparison Chart – Key Senate and House Bill Issues". Pew Financial Reform Project. Davis Polk & Wardwell.
"并排比较图表——参议院和众议院法案的关键问题"。Pew 金融改革项目。Davis Polk & Wardwell.
"Press Release on Debit Card Interchange Fees and Routing; Proposed Rule". Federal Reserve.
“关于借记卡交换费和路由的新闻稿；拟议规则”。联邦储备。
"Interchange Study". CardHub.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
"Interchange Study". CardHub.com. 原始内容存档于 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2016-03-06 .
"FRB: Press Release". Federal Reserve.
"FRB: 新闻稿". 联邦储备系统。
"New fees for banks likely to mean new fees from banks – Timesonline.com: Local News". Timesonline.com. 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2012-03-15.
“银行的新费用可能意味着来自银行的新费用——Timesonline.com：本地新闻”。Timesonline.com。2011-10-03。检索 2012-03-15 。
Federal Reserve Board Press Release [1], Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 29 June 2011. Retrieved on 5 March 2015.
联邦储备委员会新闻稿 [1]，美国联邦储备系统理事会，2011 年 6 月 29 日。2015 年 3 月 5 日检索。
Flagg, Michael. "The New Federal Reserve Rule Will Enrich Banks for Not Preventing Fraud, Says the Merchants Payments Coalition", Merchant Payments Coalition, 27 July 2012. Retrieved on 5 March 2015.
Flagg, Michael. "新的联邦储备规则将因未能防止欺诈而使银行受益，商户支付联盟称", 商户支付联盟, 2012 年 7 月 27 日。2015 年 3 月 5 日检索。
Touryalai, Halah. "New Bill Aims To Kill Durbin's Debit Card Fees", Forbes, 13 October 2011. Retrieved on 5 March 2015.
Touryalai, Halah. "新法案旨在取消杜宾的借记卡费用", 福布斯, 2011 年 10 月 13 日. 于 2015 年 3 月 5 日检索。
Needham, Vicki. "Business groups ask Supreme Court to review swipe fee decision", The Hill, 18 August 2014. Retrieved on 5 March 2015.
Needham, Vicki. "商业团体要求最高法院审查刷卡费决定", The Hill, 2014 年 8 月 18 日。2015 年 3 月 5 日检索。
NACS v. Bd. of Governors of the Fed. Reserve Sys., 958 F. Supp 2d 85, 103 (D.D.C. 2013).
Douglas, Danielle. "Court reverses ruling on swipe fees in favor of banks", The Washington Post, 21 March 2014. Retrieved on 5 March 2015.
道格拉斯，丹妮尔。《法院推翻关于刷卡费的裁决，支持银行》，《华盛顿邮报》，2014 年 3 月 21 日。2015 年 3 月 5 日检索。
Reckard, E. Scott. "Judge rejects Fed's cap on debit-card fees as too easy on banks", Los Angeles Times, 31 July 2013. Retrieved on 5 March 2015.
Reckard, E. Scott. "法官驳回美联储对借记卡费用的上限，认为对银行过于宽松", 洛杉矶时报, 2013 年 7 月 31 日. 于 2015 年 3 月 5 日检索.
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Schmidt, Robert. "Durbin Chided by Judges Says Swipe-Fee Ruling Is Bank 'Giveaway'", Bloomberg News, 21 March 2014. Retrieved on 5 March 2015.
施密特，罗伯特。《杜宾被法官斥责称刷卡费裁决是银行的“赠品”》，彭博新闻，2014 年 3 月 21 日。2015 年 3 月 5 日检索。
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Hurley, Lawrence. Stephenson, Emily. "最高法院驳回对借记卡‘刷卡费’规则的挑战", 路透社, 2015 年 1 月 20 日. 于 2015 年 3 月 5 日检索.
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2010-07-21 Dick Durbin.Durbin amendment

2010-07-21 Dick Durbin.Durbin amendment

Background 背景

Federal Reserve Rule 联邦储备规则

Response to the rule 对规则的回应

Litigation against the rule 对规则的诉讼

District court 地方法院

Court of Appeals 上诉法院

Supreme Court 最高法院

References 参考文献

Article Comments Update

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